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perception inc 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is perception

A

the process of receiving knowledge from the environment or events through our senses

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2
Q

what two stages in the perceptual processes broken into

A 
sensation = involves transforming physical stimuli to electrical signals 
perception = interpretation of the signals flor conscious awareness and action
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3
Q

what is perception for

A

aristotle proposed that animals need this to survive
helps survival and reproduction of organisms
our senses help us find desirable objects is mates and food and avoid dangerous ones ie toxic foods and falling objects

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4
Q

what energies can reindeers/caribou sense

A

can sense light into the uv spectrum which allows them to detect camouflaged predators

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5
Q

what energies do elephants sense

A

sensitive to very low frequency sounds and vibrations allows them to communicate over last distances

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6
Q

what energies can snakes sense

A

are able to detect infrared radiation so they can generate a thermal image of prey

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7
Q

is perception verdical

A

perception is not a clear window of reality but the info about the world is reasonably accurate

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8
Q

what are ambiguous figures

A

can give rise to two or more distinct perceptions - perception is rarely ambigious but can alternate over time
provide different images for different people ie gold and blue dress

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9
Q

what are top down processes

A

use knowledge about the world to influence our perception

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10
Q

what are bottom up processes

A

take info from the senses and make judgements about the world only using this info

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11
Q

what are the constructivist theories of perception

A

emphaises the importance of top down processing

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12
Q

what are the direct theories of perception

A

emphasises the importance of bottom up processing
variety of cues in the natural world that provide information about the structure of the environment
The perceiver is not a passive observer but interacts with the environment – this interaction is also the key to picking up useful information

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13
Q

what are photons

A

small packets of energy - light consists of this

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14
Q

what is absorption

A

this is when photons collide with particles of matter

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15
Q

what is reflection

A

as light touches opaque surfaces

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16
Q

what does tramsission mean

A

as light passes through transparent matter

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17
Q

what occurs in the human eye during perception

A
  • the eye uses the cornea and lens to project an image into the retina
  • this allows directional sensitivity (spatial structure)
  • photoreceptors convert light into an electrical impulse
  • the signals then flow a series of neurones to retinal ganglion cells and out the eye via the optic nerve
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18
Q

what are rods

A

type of photoreceptor
can operate in low levels of light
mainly in the peripheral retina

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19
Q

what are cones

A

type of photoreceptor
need high levels of light to respond
senistive to short, medium and long wavelengths of light

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20
Q

how is visual info transmitted

A

from retina to brain

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21
Q

what does the main visual pathway consist of

A

retina -> optic never ->optic chiasm -> LGN -> primary visual cortex

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22
Q

how does bottom up processes influence brightness perception

A

how we receive this is shaped by processes occurring within the retina ie light/dark adaption and lateral inhibition
the retina doesn’t record light intensities

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23
Q

how does top down processes influence brightness perception

A

The brain also uses knowledge about how light interacts with objects when determining perceived brightness

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24
Q

what is involved in light/dark adaption

A
  • the sensitivity of the retina is frequently changed to make up for changes in the mean luminance
  • the sensivity goes down when the mean intensity of the image is high and increases when the image is low
  • places a role in achieving brightness constancy-
  • can produce illusions
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25
what is lateral inhibition
- early type of info processing in the retina - retinal ganglion cells recieve both inhibitory and exhibitory input from photoreceptors - these put is then arranged in the centre across the retinal image
26
what influence does lateral inhibition have
allows the visual system to be sensitive to changes in luminance which helps detect edges and borders can also have a huge effect on perceived brightness
27
how does top down influence our brightness perception
when determining brightness our visual systems use knowledge of how light interacts with 3D objects
28
what are the three different types of cone photopigments which cone receptors contain
each of these have different wavelength sensitivities - S cones = cones that are sensitive to short wave lengths - M cones = sensitive to middle wavelengths - L cones = sensitive to long wavelengths
29
what is monochromacy
when someone has 0 or 1 functioning cone type, resulting in complete blindness extremely rare
29
what is monochromacy
when someone has 0 or 1 functioning cone type, resulting in complete blindness extremely rare
30
what is dichromacy
only 2 functioning cone types | ie tritanopia missing s cone
31
what is anomalous trichromacy
common form of colour perception deficiency defect in one of the cone type eg tritanomaly is an S cone defect
32
how do percieve depth
can use monocular cues, work with one eye eg shadows | and can use binocular cues which require both eyes
33
how does height and size affect our perception
when judging distance we need prior knowledge about the size of objects when two objects are the same size the one further away will take up less of the view objects below the horizon and have a higher base will be seen as more distant
34
what does occlusion mean
closer objects will block further ones away
35
how do linear perspectives affect our perception
Parallel lines extending away from observer meet in the distance
36
how does the texture gradient affect our perception
texture elements get more get smaller and more dense with distance
37
how does motion parallex affect our perception
as we move objects further away will glide past us more slowly than obejcts closer to us
38
what does Stereoscopic vision mean
our two eyes recieve a slightly different vision of the world
39
what is happening when there is a disparity
there is a difference in image location created by the left then the right eye the objects depth determines the disparity
40
what is the definition of a horopter
this is a set of points in space that project to corresponding positions in the two retinas incl fixation point
41
what happens to objects closer than the horopter
they have crossed disparities (means we have to cross our eyes to fixate on it) the image will be further to the right from the right eyes viewpoint compared to the left eyes viewpoint
42
what happens when objects are further than the horopter
they have uncrossed disparities have to uncross eyes to fixate on it from the right eyes perspective the image lies further to the left
43
how does structuralism argue that we percieve objects
developed by wundt - popular in mid 19th century how we perceive objects comes whereby primitive sensory atoms stimulate memories of other atoms that have been associated in memory
44
how did the gestalt school argue we percieve objects
against structuralism | the whole form or configuration is greater than total of all its parts
45
what are illusory contours
some images cause us to see edges in locations where there is no change in luminace or colour this is hard to explain through the structuralist approach
46
what are the gestalt principles of perceptual organisation
due to rejecting structuralism they proposed principles where elements in an image are grouped to create larger objects
47
what are the example of gestalt principles
- proximity = things that are closer together group together - similarity = things that are similar group together - common fate = things that group together move together - good continuation = group elements create smooth lines - closure = grp elements form complete lines even if incomplete - symmetry = elements that are symmetrical are more likely to form groups
48
evaluation of gestalt principles
+ hold wide range of images | - some principles are vague or imprecise
49
what is the perceptual definition of sound
sound is the experience we have when we hear
50
what is the physical definition of sound
pressure changes in the air caused by vibration of an object
51
when does a pure tone occur
when changes in the air pressure form a perfect sinusoidal wave (smooth periodic oscillation)
52
what is the amplitude
difference between the peak and the trough | related to the perception of loudness
53
what is the frequency
number of cycles per second | related to the perception of pitch
54
how are sound waves described
combination of sine waves
55
What aspect of visual input is typically associated with our perception of brightness?
Light intensity (luminance)
56
Security scanners often use 'edge detection' algorithms, to make the boundaries of objects stand out. A similar process occurs within the retina. What is it called?
lateral inhibition
57
According to classic explanations of the Hermann Grid Illusion, we perceive faint grey blobs at the intersection of the white lines because retinal ganglion cells responding to this location.....
Are inhibited more than cells responding at other positions along the line
58
what are the monocular cues that contribute to the sense of depth in this image
occlusion relative height relative size
59
what is an important cue to depth that is based on head movement
motion parallax
60
The difference in location of a feature between the left eye's and right eye's image is called ____?
retinal disparity
61
Gestalt psychologists emphasize that
the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts
62
The over-riding Gestalt principle that people will perceive ambiguous images as the simplest form possible is know as the Law of _________?
Pragnanz
63
overview of the ear
``` outer = pinna, auditory canal middle = eardrum inner = cochlea ```
64
what is the pinnae
visible external parts of the ear
65
what is the auditory canal
tube like structure which protects the ear
66
what is the tympanic membrane
eardrum cone shaped membrane which separates the outer and middle ear vibrates as sound waves create different pressures either side larger amplitude = greater vibrations highr frequency =results in faster vibrations
67
what is the middle ears
small cavity which contains ossicles which are the three smallest bones in the body - the bones increase the vibrations in the eardrum and transfer them to the inner ear at the oval window
68
what is the inner ear
post important part is the cochlea vibration in the oval window expels fluid in the cochlea causing a change in pressure which generates pressure up and down the spinal structure
69
what does auditory transduction mean
process by which the ear converts sound waves into electric impulses and sends them to the brain so we can interpret them as sound
70
what is our perception of loudness related to
the amplitude of sound waves
71
how do we describe differences in sound waves
sound levels are measured on a logarithmic scale in units called decibels (dB) A change of 20dB corresponds to a ten-fold increase in amplitude
72
how is visual input organised
spatially organised
73
how is auditory input organised
tone topic sense

cognitive approach (6 decks)

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