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cognitive approach > perception inc 1-4 > Flashcards

perception inc 1-4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is perception

A

the process of receiving knowledge from the environment or events through our senses

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2
Q

what two stages in the perceptual processes broken into

A 
sensation = involves transforming physical stimuli to electrical signals 
perception = interpretation of the signals flor conscious awareness and action
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3
Q

what is perception for

A

aristotle proposed that animals need this to survive
helps survival and reproduction of organisms
our senses help us find desirable objects is mates and food and avoid dangerous ones ie toxic foods and falling objects

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4
Q

what energies can reindeers/caribou sense

A

can sense light into the uv spectrum which allows them to detect camouflaged predators

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5
Q

what energies do elephants sense

A

sensitive to very low frequency sounds and vibrations allows them to communicate over last distances

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6
Q

what energies can snakes sense

A

are able to detect infrared radiation so they can generate a thermal image of prey

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7
Q

is perception verdical

A

perception is not a clear window of reality but the info about the world is reasonably accurate

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8
Q

what are ambiguous figures

A

can give rise to two or more distinct perceptions - perception is rarely ambigious but can alternate over time
provide different images for different people ie gold and blue dress

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9
Q

what are top down processes

A

use knowledge about the world to influence our perception

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10
Q

what are bottom up processes

A

take info from the senses and make judgements about the world only using this info

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11
Q

what are the constructivist theories of perception

A

emphaises the importance of top down processing

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12
Q

what are the direct theories of perception

A

emphasises the importance of bottom up processing
variety of cues in the natural world that provide information about the structure of the environment
The perceiver is not a passive observer but interacts with the environment – this interaction is also the key to picking up useful information

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13
Q

what are photons

A

small packets of energy - light consists of this

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14
Q

what is absorption

A

this is when photons collide with particles of matter

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15
Q

what is reflection

A

as light touches opaque surfaces

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16
Q

what does tramsission mean

A

as light passes through transparent matter

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17
Q

what occurs in the human eye during perception

A
  • the eye uses the cornea and lens to project an image into the retina
  • this allows directional sensitivity (spatial structure)
  • photoreceptors convert light into an electrical impulse
  • the signals then flow a series of neurones to retinal ganglion cells and out the eye via the optic nerve
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18
Q

what are rods

A

type of photoreceptor
can operate in low levels of light
mainly in the peripheral retina

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19
Q

what are cones

A

type of photoreceptor
need high levels of light to respond
senistive to short, medium and long wavelengths of light

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20
Q

how is visual info transmitted

A

from retina to brain

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21
Q

what does the main visual pathway consist of

A

retina -> optic never ->optic chiasm -> LGN -> primary visual cortex

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22
Q

how does bottom up processes influence brightness perception

A

how we receive this is shaped by processes occurring within the retina ie light/dark adaption and lateral inhibition
the retina doesn’t record light intensities

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23
Q

how does top down processes influence brightness perception

A

The brain also uses knowledge about how light interacts with objects when determining perceived brightness

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24
Q

what is involved in light/dark adaption

A
  • the sensitivity of the retina is frequently changed to make up for changes in the mean luminance
  • the sensivity goes down when the mean intensity of the image is high and increases when the image is low
  • places a role in achieving brightness constancy-
  • can produce illusions
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25
Q

what is lateral inhibition

A
  • early type of info processing in the retina
  • retinal ganglion cells recieve both inhibitory and exhibitory input from photoreceptors
  • these put is then arranged in the centre across the retinal image
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26
Q

what influence does lateral inhibition have

A

allows the visual system to be sensitive to changes in luminance which helps detect edges and borders
can also have a huge effect on perceived brightness

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27
Q

how does top down influence our brightness perception

A

when determining brightness our visual systems use knowledge of how light interacts with 3D objects

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28
Q

what are the three different types of cone photopigments which cone receptors contain

A

each of these have different wavelength sensitivities

  • S cones = cones that are sensitive to short wave lengths
  • M cones = sensitive to middle wavelengths
  • L cones = sensitive to long wavelengths
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29
Q

what is monochromacy

A

when someone has 0 or 1 functioning cone type, resulting in complete blindness
extremely rare

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29
Q

what is monochromacy

A

when someone has 0 or 1 functioning cone type, resulting in complete blindness
extremely rare

30
Q

what is dichromacy

A

only 2 functioning cone types

ie tritanopia missing s cone

31
Q

what is anomalous trichromacy

A

common form of colour perception deficiency
defect in one of the cone type
eg tritanomaly is an S cone defect

32
Q

how do percieve depth

A

can use monocular cues, work with one eye eg shadows

and can use binocular cues which require both eyes

33
Q

how does height and size affect our perception

A

when judging distance we need prior knowledge about the size of objects when two objects are the same size the one further away will take up less of the view
objects below the horizon and have a higher base will be seen as more distant

34
Q

what does occlusion mean

A

closer objects will block further ones away

35
Q

how do linear perspectives affect our perception

A

Parallel lines extending away from observer meet in the distance

36
Q

how does the texture gradient affect our perception

A

texture elements get more get smaller and more dense with distance

37
Q

how does motion parallex affect our perception

A

as we move objects further away will glide past us more slowly than obejcts closer to us

38
Q

what does Stereoscopic vision mean

A

our two eyes recieve a slightly different vision of the world

39
Q

what is happening when there is a disparity

A

there is a difference in image location created by the left then the right eye
the objects depth determines the disparity

40
Q

what is the definition of a horopter

A

this is a set of points in space that project to corresponding positions in the two retinas
incl fixation point

41
Q

what happens to objects closer than the horopter

A

they have crossed disparities (means we have to cross our eyes to fixate on it)
the image will be further to the right from the right eyes viewpoint compared to the left eyes viewpoint

42
Q

what happens when objects are further than the horopter

A

they have uncrossed disparities
have to uncross eyes to fixate on it
from the right eyes perspective the image lies further to the left

43
Q

how does structuralism argue that we percieve objects

A

developed by wundt - popular in mid 19th century
how we perceive objects comes whereby primitive sensory atoms stimulate memories of other atoms that have been associated in memory

44
Q

how did the gestalt school argue we percieve objects

A

against structuralism

the whole form or configuration is greater than total of all its parts

45
Q

what are illusory contours

A

some images cause us to see edges in locations where there is no change in luminace or colour
this is hard to explain through the structuralist approach

46
Q

what are the gestalt principles of perceptual organisation

A

due to rejecting structuralism they proposed principles where elements in an image are grouped to create larger objects

47
Q

what are the example of gestalt principles

A
  • proximity = things that are closer together group together
  • similarity = things that are similar group together
  • common fate = things that group together move together
  • good continuation = group elements create smooth lines
  • closure = grp elements form complete lines even if incomplete
  • symmetry = elements that are symmetrical are more likely to form groups
48
Q

evaluation of gestalt principles

A

+ hold wide range of images

- some principles are vague or imprecise

49
Q

what is the perceptual definition of sound

A

sound is the experience we have when we hear

50
Q

what is the physical definition of sound

A

pressure changes in the air caused by vibration of an object

51
Q

when does a pure tone occur

A

when changes in the air pressure form a perfect sinusoidal wave (smooth periodic oscillation)

52
Q

what is the amplitude

A

difference between the peak and the trough

related to the perception of loudness

53
Q

what is the frequency

A

number of cycles per second

related to the perception of pitch

54
Q

how are sound waves described

A

combination of sine waves

55
Q

What aspect of visual input is typically associated with our perception of brightness?

A

Light intensity (luminance)

56
Q

Security scanners often use ‘edge detection’ algorithms, to make the boundaries of objects stand out. A similar process occurs within the retina. What is it called?

A

lateral inhibition

57
Q

According to classic explanations of the Hermann Grid Illusion, we perceive faint grey blobs at the intersection of the white lines because retinal ganglion cells responding to this location…..

A

Are inhibited more than cells responding at other positions along the line

58
Q

what are the monocular cues that contribute to the sense of depth in this image

A

occlusion
relative height
relative size

59
Q

what is an important cue to depth that is based on head movement

A

motion parallax

60
Q

The difference in location of a feature between the left eye’s and right eye’s image is called ____?

A

retinal disparity

61
Q

Gestalt psychologists emphasize that

A

the perceptual whole is greater than the sum of its parts

62
Q

The over-riding Gestalt principle that people will perceive ambiguous images as the simplest form possible is know as the Law of _________?

A

Pragnanz

63
Q

overview of the ear

A 
outer = pinna, auditory canal 
middle = eardrum 
inner = cochlea
64
Q

what is the pinnae

A

visible external parts of the ear

65
Q

what is the auditory canal

A

tube like structure which protects the ear

66
Q

what is the tympanic membrane

A

eardrum
cone shaped membrane which separates the outer and middle ear
vibrates as sound waves create different pressures either side
larger amplitude = greater vibrations
highr frequency =results in faster vibrations

67
Q

what is the middle ears

A

small cavity which contains ossicles which are the three smallest bones in the body - the bones increase the vibrations in the eardrum and transfer them to the inner ear at the oval window

68
Q

what is the inner ear

A

post important part is the cochlea
vibration in the oval window expels fluid in the cochlea causing a change in pressure which generates pressure up and down the spinal structure

69
Q

what does auditory transduction mean

A

process by which the ear converts sound waves into electric impulses and sends them to the brain so we can interpret them as sound

70
Q

what is our perception of loudness related to

A

the amplitude of sound waves

71
Q

how do we describe differences in sound waves

A

sound levels are measured on a logarithmic scale in units called decibels (dB)
A change of 20dB corresponds to a ten-fold increase in amplitude

72
Q

how is visual input organised

A

spatially organised

73
Q

how is auditory input organised

A

tone topic sense

cognitive approach (6 decks)

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