Perception & Cognition Flashcards
Perception
human experience their environment (senses)
Cognition
human understand their environment (thoughts)
Cognitive sciences
group of disciplines > understanding the human mind (psychology, linguistics, AI, neuroscience, philosophy)
Behaviour and thinking are based on:
a network of information processing (cognitive psychology/neuropsychology/neuroscience)
Bottom-up processing
perception (sensation) -> attention -> memory -> action, thinking
Top down processing
Action thinking -> memory -> attention -> perception (sensation)
What do both processes lead to:
a network of interactions, which optimises performance
sensation/perception is?
the starting point for all other areas of psychology
paradigms of information processing: central scientific approach
acquisition, processing, storage, recall of data in the human brain
what did R. Descartes 1644 discover about hydraulic nerves?
hydraulic nerves - mind exerted control over the brain via the pineal gland
what did C.Babbage invent in 1832?
Cogwheel brain - attempt to build a mechanical computer, decades ahead of the invention of the electronic computer in the twentieth century
what did V. Neumann 1958 do?
used Modern neuroscience and incorporated it into IT
The workings of a brain: functional architecture
functional architecture
Imaging techniques > advance from speculation to hard scientific evidence
what did Albertus Magnus specualte? (1260)
3 ventricles
Speculating about functional roles of 3 ventricles seen in anatomy
1. common sense
2. creative rational thought
3. memory
(prehistory of) cognitive neuroscience: Neuroscience is the key to understanding the fundamental processes of all mental events:
6 mental events
Neuroscience is the key to understanding the fundamental processes of all mental events:
1. how we interact
2. how we sort & store information
3. how we communicate
4. how we organise social life
5. how we maintain mental health
6. how we plan action, make decisions
why study perception & cognition?
basis to understand pathology and manage impairments (neurpsychology)
Why study perception & cognition: scientific curiosity
understand the human mind as such
why study perception & cognition: applications
implement knowledge in thinking machines (AI)
why is reliable information vital (perception)
2 points
- we need to operate and navigate a dangerous world
- we need intelligence to understand the world
collecting information effectively: perceptual filter
channel tuning (size, frequency)
collecting information effectively: perceptual bottleneck
channel capacity (1/min, bps)
five senses, plus
sight,hearing, touch, smell, taste
plus: temperature, pain, balance
other senses
magnetoreception, electroception, ultrasound?
sensing magnetic fields (humans)
humans use tools to exploit the magnetic field of the earth for navigation (compass)
navigating birds
they use magnetic field for orientation on extended journeys (1000s of miles)
transfer across sensory modalities: ventriloquism
ventriloquism is the speaking or uttering sounds so that they seem to come from the speaker’s dummy or other source than the speaker
transfer across sensory modalities: synaesthesia
synaesthesia is a mixing of sense causing a person to experience things as coloured hearing, gustatory sights, and auditory smells
transfer across sensory modalities: sensory substitution
sensory substitution is replacing (lost/missing) sense with some other sense
- vOICe translates video images into sounds
theories of perception: Gestalt Psychology
what did Gestalt’s theory focus on?
6 points
Gestalt theory focuses on the principles of perceptual organisation
1. goodshape
2. similarity, symmetry
3. proximity
4. smooth continuation
5. closure
6. common fate
theories of perception : direct perception (J.J Gibson)
3 points
- emphasizing bottom-up processing
- exploiting richness of information content in sensory data
- direct use for behavioural control without need of
high-level representation (J.J. Gibson)
theories of perception : direct perception
theories of perception : direct perception 2
4 points
- comprehensive capture of information in optic array
- unambiguous information about spatial layout (flowfield)
- object affordances: meaning/usability in behavioural context
- resonance: process to extract information (~ filter tuning)
theories of perception : constructivist approach
what is the role of empahsising the top-down processes in perception?
emphasizing top-down processes in perception to resolve ambiguities the mind tries to make the best sense of limited, noisy data (Neisser, Gregory)
theories of perception : information processing approach
neuroscientific & computational approach to perception:
first information processing steps as basis for cognitive psychology
theories of perception : information processing approach
receptor
transform stimuli to neural signals
theories of perception : information processing approach
receptive field
localisation and tuning
theories of perception : information processing approach
filter
encoding of information efficiently
theories of perception : information processing approach
representation
cortical processing and mapping
theories of perception : information processing approach
illusions
inherent misrepresent of physical world
theories of perception : information processing approach
active sensing
intelligent search systems
what is perception regarded as?
data collection engine of an AI system
