Perception & Cognition

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

human experience their environment (senses)

Question 2

Cognition

Answer 2

human understand their environment (thoughts)

Question 3

Cognitive sciences

Answer 3

group of disciplines > understanding the human mind (psychology, linguistics, AI, neuroscience, philosophy)

Question 4

Behaviour and thinking are based on:

Answer 4

a network of information processing (cognitive psychology/neuropsychology/neuroscience)

Question 5

Bottom-up processing

Answer 5

perception (sensation) -> attention -> memory -> action, thinking

Question 6

Top down processing

Answer 6

Action thinking -> memory -> attention -> perception (sensation)

Question 7

What do both processes lead to:

Answer 7

a network of interactions, which optimises performance

Question 8

sensation/perception is?

Answer 8

the starting point for all other areas of psychology

Question 9

paradigms of information processing: central scientific approach

Answer 9

acquisition, processing, storage, recall of data in the human brain

Question 10

what did R. Descartes 1644 discover about hydraulic nerves?

Answer 10

hydraulic nerves - mind exerted control over the brain via the pineal gland

Question 11

what did C.Babbage invent in 1832?

Answer 11

Cogwheel brain - attempt to build a mechanical computer, decades ahead of the invention of the electronic computer in the twentieth century

Question 12

what did V. Neumann 1958 do?

Answer 12

used Modern neuroscience and incorporated it into IT

Question 13

The workings of a brain: functional architecture

functional architecture

Answer 13

Imaging techniques > advance from speculation to hard scientific evidence

Question 14

what did Albertus Magnus specualte? (1260)

3 ventricles

Answer 14

Speculating about functional roles of 3 ventricles seen in anatomy
1. common sense
2. creative rational thought
3. memory

Question 15

(prehistory of) cognitive neuroscience: Neuroscience is the key to understanding the fundamental processes of all mental events:

6 mental events

Answer 15

Neuroscience is the key to understanding the fundamental processes of all mental events:
1. how we interact
2. how we sort & store information
3. how we communicate
4. how we organise social life
5. how we maintain mental health
6. how we plan action, make decisions

Question 16

why study perception & cognition?

Answer 16

basis to understand pathology and manage impairments (neurpsychology)

Question 17

Why study perception & cognition: scientific curiosity

Answer 17

understand the human mind as such

Question 18

why study perception & cognition: applications

Answer 18

implement knowledge in thinking machines (AI)

Question 19

why is reliable information vital (perception)

2 points

Answer 19

• we need to operate and navigate a dangerous world
• we need intelligence to understand the world

Question 20

collecting information effectively: perceptual filter

Answer 20

channel tuning (size, frequency)

Question 21

collecting information effectively: perceptual bottleneck

Answer 21

channel capacity (1/min, bps)

Question 22

five senses, plus

Answer 22

sight,hearing, touch, smell, taste
plus: temperature, pain, balance

Question 23

other senses

Answer 23

magnetoreception, electroception, ultrasound?

Question 24

sensing magnetic fields (humans)

Answer 24

humans use tools to exploit the magnetic field of the earth for navigation (compass)

Question 25

navigating birds

Answer 25

they use magnetic field for orientation on extended journeys (1000s of miles)

Question 26

transfer across sensory modalities: ventriloquism

Answer 26

ventriloquism is the speaking or uttering sounds so that they seem to come from the speaker's dummy or other source than the speaker

Question 27

transfer across sensory modalities: synaesthesia

Answer 27

synaesthesia is a mixing of sense causing a person to experience things as coloured hearing, gustatory sights, and auditory smells

Question 28

transfer across sensory modalities: sensory substitution

Answer 28

sensory substitution is replacing (lost/missing) sense with some other sense - vOICe translates video images into sounds

Question 29

# theories of perception: Gestalt Psychology what did Gestalt's theory focus on? | 6 points

Answer 29

Gestalt theory focuses on the principles of perceptual organisation 1. goodshape 2. similarity, symmetry 3. proximity 4. smooth continuation 5. closure 6. common fate

Question 30

theories of perception : direct perception (J.J Gibson) | 3 points

Answer 30

* emphasizing bottom-up processing * exploiting richness of information content in sensory data * direct use for behavioural control without need of high-level representation (J.J. Gibson)

Question 31

# theories of perception : direct perception theories of perception : direct perception 2 | 4 points

Answer 31

* comprehensive capture of information in optic array * unambiguous information about spatial layout (flowfield) * object affordances: meaning/usability in behavioural context * resonance: process to extract information (~ filter tuning)

Question 32

# theories of perception : constructivist approach what is the role of empahsising the top-down processes in perception?

Answer 32

emphasizing top-down processes in perception to resolve ambiguities the mind tries to make the best sense of limited, noisy data (Neisser, Gregory)

Question 33

# theories of perception : information processing approach neuroscientific & computational approach to perception:

Answer 33

first information processing steps as basis for cognitive psychology

Question 34

# theories of perception : information processing approach receptor

Answer 34

transform stimuli to neural signals

Question 35

# theories of perception : information processing approach receptive field

Answer 35

localisation and tuning

Question 36

# theories of perception : information processing approach filter

Answer 36

encoding of information efficiently

Question 37

# theories of perception : information processing approach representation

Answer 37

cortical processing and mapping

Question 38

# theories of perception : information processing approach illusions

Answer 38

inherent misrepresent of physical world

Question 39

# theories of perception : information processing approach active sensing

Answer 39

intelligent search systems

Question 40

what is perception regarded as?

Answer 40

data collection engine of an AI system