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PS1080 > Hearing & Language > Flashcards

Hearing & Language Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most interesting problems in auditory perception?

4 points

A
  • perceptual basis of harmony
  • recognition of voices
  • separating signal sources
  • influence of experience and knowledge
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2
Q

What is misophonia?

A

a strong negative reaction from hearing specific human sounds

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3
Q

The nature of sound

A

A sound source is emitting (repeated) circular pressure waves (shells of air compression) i.e. a tuning fork → waves are similar to dropping a pebble into a still pond

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4
Q

properties of sound waves: what is a pure tone represented by?

A

A pure tone is represented by a sinewave (air pressure as function of space/time)

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5
Q

What is frequency the measure of?

A

pitch

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6
Q

how to measure frequency?

A

1/period, measured in Hz = cycles per second

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7
Q

What is amplitude the measure of?

A

loudness

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8
Q

what do notes of a musical score?

+ 2 points

A

the keys on the piano:
- frequency generated
- pitch of a musical tone

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9
Q

how are keys arranged on a piano/keyboard?

A

in the order of rising frequency of the musical tone generated

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10
Q

what are harmonic intervals?

A

The distance between two pitches that are sounded together at the same time

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11
Q

what are harmonic intervals determined by?

A

the characteristic frequency ratios

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12
Q

what is superposition of waves?

A

when two or more waves travel through the same medium at the same time

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13
Q

what happens to the waveform when you superimpose pure tones ?

A

more complex sounds: chords, consonance, dissonance, vowels

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14
Q

what are musical tones combinations of?

A

pure tones: fundamental (determines pitch) + harmonic frequencies (determine timbre)

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15
Q

what is white noise?

A

the superposition of many tones with random amplitude and frequency

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16
Q

what is a transducer?

A

a device that changes energy from one form to another

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17
Q

is the human ear a transducer?

A

yes - it changes sound waves into neural signals

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18
Q

what is the outer ear?

A

a directional microphone

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19
Q

what is the order of hearing?

A

outer ear, middle ear, inner ear

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20
Q

what is the function of the outer ear?

A

directional microphone

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21
Q

what is the function of the middle ear?

A

impedance matching, overload protection

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22
Q

what is the function of the inner ear?

A

frequency analysis, neural encoding

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23
Q

what is extreme sensitivity?

A

absolute threshold at sound levels that generate eardrum vibrations - 0.1 nm (H20)

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24
Q

what is frequency masking?

A

when the perception of a sound is affected and covered by another distracting the ear

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25
Q

what is a systematic variation?

A

anomaly or inaccuracy in observations which are the result of factors which are not under statistical control

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26
Q

how is perceived loudness measured?

A

perceived loudness is measured by comparing successively presented tones (or different frequency)

27
Q

the intensity of comparison tone is adjusted until…

A

The same ‘subjective’ loudness is matched to the reference tone

28
Q

comparing many frequencies ->

A

curves of an equal loudness

29
Q

what is physical intensity recorded as?

A

physical intensity (SPL = sound pressure level) is recorded as ‘perceived loudness’

30
Q

what is an audiogram?

A

a graph that shows the softest sounds a person can hear at different frequencies or pitches

31
Q

what happens if you combine loudness and frequency detection in full audiogram?

A

loudness comparison as function of frequency (20Hz – 20 KHz)

32
Q

what is an equal loudness contour?

A

a measure of sound pressure over a spectrum of frequencies, perceived as being equally loud to the hearer when expressed as a pure, constant tone

33
Q

what are equal loudness contours determined by?

A

by matching the perceived intensity of tone pairs at various base intensities

34
Q

how many decibels is danger level?

A

90 dB & 100 dB

35
Q

how many decibels that are a risk to our hearing?

A

120 dB

36
Q

how many decibels is pain level?

A

140 dB

37
Q

what kind of sounds are mainly in the lower frequency region?

A

vowel sounds are mainly im the lower frequency region

38
Q

what is presbycusis?

A

presbycusis is a selective high-frequency hearing loss with age (ongoing)

39
Q

what can noise exposure lead to?

A

noise exposure can lead to temporary threshold shifts (auditory fatigue) and permanent (partial) deafness

40
Q

What is tinnitus?

A

tinnitus is a continuous humming or ringing which leads to suppression

41
Q

what is a melody?

A

a sequence of tones in time, such as simple a chord

42
Q

what do scientists use to display and analyse real sounds?

A

spectrograms or sonograms: frequency as function of time

43
Q

what does the chord show?

A

the schematic spectrogram as sequence of different fundamental & harmonic frequency clusters

44
Q

what is a spectrogram?

A

A spectrogram visually displays the strength of a signal over time at a waveform’s various frequencies

45
Q

what is a sonogram?

A

imaging method that uses sound waves to produce images of structures within your body

46
Q

what does each spoken word generate?

A

a complex pattern of frequency and intensity (spectrum), which is modulated as function of time

47
Q

what are complex patterns of frequency recorded as?

A

spectrogram (time, frequency, intensity) and waveform envelope (microphone)

48
Q

extracting meaning from sound flow diagram

A
49
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

in the frontal lobe

50
Q

what is the Broca’s areas function?

A

speech production (patient ‘Tan’)

51
Q

where is Wernicke’s area?

A

in the temporal lobe

52
Q

what is the Wernicke’s areas function?

A

fluent aphasia (phrases without meaning)

53
Q

what kind of sensor is the ear?

A

1D

54
Q

what is sound localisation?

A

the ability to tell the direction from which a sound is originating

55
Q

what is the pinnae?

A

the external part of an ear

56
Q

why is the pinnae important?

A

its crucial for sensation of space (earphones) and to locate elevation

57
Q

what is inter-aural

A

time differences in arrival time of a sound between two ears

58
Q

why is inter-aural important?

A

processes to find azimuth (left-right) of sound source:

59
Q

what is an intensity difference?

A

an acoustic ‘shadow’ of the head

60
Q

what are temporal or phase differences?

A

inter-aural delays of 10 - 650 µsec

61
Q

what is the cocktail party effect?

A

refers to the ability of people to focus on a single talker or conversation in a noisy environment

62
Q

how can the cocktail party effect be achieved?

A

by masking: the detection of a tone is impaired if another tone or noise is presented at the same time. This depends on proximity in space and similarity in frequency composition

63
Q

what is binaural unmasking?

A

spatial distance and difference in frequency support
separation < difference between ears

64
Q

what are high-level effects

A

attention, familiarity of voice, language & sensory fusion

PS1080 (9 decks)

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