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psyc111 exam study > Perception and neuropsychology > Flashcards

Perception and neuropsychology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the structure of the eye?

A
  1. Outer layer (cornea)
  2. Middle layer (choroid)
  3. Inner layer (Pupil, Iris, Lens, Vitreous Humor)
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2
Q

What is the function of the retina?

A

Involved in transduction, they take the energy and convert it into a neural signal.

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3
Q

What is the function of sensation?

A

Registering of sensory information by the brain

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4
Q

What is the function of perception?

A

Assigning a meaning to that sensory information

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5
Q

What is the function of cones?

A

Used for colour vision, day time photo receptors, high resolution

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6
Q

What is the function of rods?

A

Do not process colour, used at night time, low resolution

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7
Q

Are cones or rods more numerous?

A

Rods are more numerous

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8
Q

Where are cones found?

A

In the fovea

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9
Q

Do rods get gradually larger or smaller as you get further from the fovea?

A

Rods get gradually larger as you get further from the fovea

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10
Q

What is retinotopic mapping?

A

Point-to-point mapping of the external world onto our retina, lateral geniculate nucleus and V1

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11
Q

What is the function of the eyes receptive fields?

A

The receptive field is the area of the retina when stimulated by light causes a change in the neural activity

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12
Q

What is lateral inhibition?

A

Enhances contrast (makes things appear better)

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13
Q

What performs lateral inhibition?

A

The retinal ganglion cell.

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14
Q

What do rods and cones like to look at in the visual field?

A

Diffused light

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15
Q

What does the retinal ganglion like to look at in the visual field?

A

Spots

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16
Q

What does the Lateral geniculate nucleus like to look at in the visual field?

A

Spots

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17
Q

What does V1 like to look at in the visual field?

A

lines of difference

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18
Q

What is double dissociation?

A

Once info arrives at the primary visual cortex it splits into 2 pathways:
-Dorsal stream for spatial vision/ location (parietal lobe)
-Ventral stream for pattern perception (temporal lobe)

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19
Q

What happens when you damage your parietal lobe?

A

Unable to perform a landmark task

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20
Q

What is the Herman Grid illusion?

A

The dot in the intersection disappears because we are foviating.

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21
Q

What is the correct order for the waste station pathway?

A
  1. Eyes (optic nerve)
  2. Subcortex
  3. Cortex
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22
Q

What study did Mishkin and Ungerleider conduct?

A

Monkey object and landmark discrimination tasks, study suggested that when you damage your temporal lobe you are unable to perform an object task but able to perform a landmark task

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23
Q

What is apperceptive agnosia?

A

Damage of the ventral stream, failure of object recognition due to a failure of visual perception, poor matching and copying

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24
Q

What is Dorsal simultagnosia?

A

Damage to dorsal pathway, failure of object recognition due to a spatial perceptual impairment, can recognise objects but not more than one and cant tell you what is happening in an image but can name what is in it

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25
Q

What is ventral simultagnosia?

A

Damage to ventral stream, failure of object recognition due to a complex perceptual impairment, can recognise objects but not more than one

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26
Q

What is associative agnosia?

A

Failure of object recognition due to a higher-order complex perceptual impairment, can describe object but doesn’t know what it is

27
Q

What are perceptual constancies?

A

Perception of an object stays constant even when the objects retinal image changes

28
Q

What is a bottom-up theory?

A

Looking at an object and breaking it down into constituent parts then building it back up with all the elements and recognising what the object is

29
Q

What is a top-down theory?

A

Speed of recognition and reading, “how would we read so fast if we had to break all the letters in words down to form a sentence?”

30
Q

What are the visual cues in depth perception?

A

-Binocular cues
-Retinal disparity
-Convergence and divergence
-Monocular cues

31
Q

What are the monocular cues?

A

-Relative size
-Texture gradients
-Interposition
-Perspective
-Relative height
-Motion parallax (requires movement)

32
Q

What did the Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory suggest?

A

That there are 3 cones in interpreting colour for colour perception

33
Q

What happens when you damage the optic nerve?

A

You develop right monocular blindness

34
Q

What visual field would be impaired if you damaged the right side of the brain?

A

the LVF

35
Q

What happens when you damage the optic chiasm?

A

You develop bitemporal hemianopia

36
Q

What happens if you put multiple LGN cells together?

A

You form a line

37
Q

What is the function of area V5?

A

visual motion area

38
Q

What is blindsight?

A

Patched areas in the blindness of the eye is called ‘islands of residual vision’, cant see things stationary but can sense something

39
Q

What is achromatopsia?

A

Absence of colour vision from damage to V4

40
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

Absence of motion vision from damage to V5

41
Q

What did Rene Descartes research?

A

Recognised that the brain was symmetrical and every structure on the left side was on the right side as well, Pineal gland was a pea-sized structure between the two hemispheres

42
Q

What did Gall & Spurzheim believe in?

A

Phenology. pseudoscience bumps on brain meant over or underdevelopment

43
Q

What did Paul Broca discover?

A

Broca localises language to the left frontal lobe by research of patient Tan. Discovered Brocas aphasia.

44
Q

What is Brocas aphasia?

A

Difficulty in language output

45
Q

What did Karl Wernicke discover?

A

Patients output is normal but comprehension seemed impaired

46
Q

What is Wernickes aphasia?

A

A difficulty in comprehension of language, output is fine

47
Q

What does damage to the occipital lobe cause?

A

Blindness, blindsight and apperceptive agnosia

48
Q

What is the function of the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Auditory processing

49
Q

What is on the lateral surface of the temporal lobe?

A

Superior, middle and inferior temporal gyrus

50
Q

What is on the medial surface of the temporal lobe?

A

Medial temporal lobe

51
Q

Where is the medial temporal gyrus found?

A

Near the hippocampus

52
Q

What happens when you damage the right temporal lobe?

A

Visual memory impairments

53
Q

What happens when you damage the left temporal lobe?

A

Verbal memory impairments

54
Q

What happens when you damage the middle temporal gyrus?

A

Achromatopsia, akinetopsia, ventral simultagnosia, associative agnosia

55
Q

What happens when you damage the superior temporal gyrus?

A

Deafness, Wernicke’s aphasia, auditory aphasia

56
Q

What happens when you damage the parietal lobe?

A

Impairments in processing spatial information (control of movement)

57
Q

What happens when you damage the left parietal lobe?

A

-Agraphia (difficulty spatially organising your writing)
-Acalculia (difficulty in calculating math problems)
-Right/ left confusion
-Dyslexia
-Difficulty in drawing

58
Q

What happens when you damage the right parietal lobe?

A

Difficulty in recognising unfamiliar views of objects, contralateral neglect

59
Q

What is ego-based neglect?

A

Neglect of the left determined by your body parts

60
Q

What is object-based neglact?

A

Neglect the left side of objects

61
Q

What happens if you damage the frontal lobe?

A

Impairments in motor function, Brocas aphasia, Impairments in divergent thinking, response inhibition

62
Q

What are the four areas of the frontal lobe?

A

-Motor cortex
-Premotor Cortex
-Prefrontal cortex
-Orbitofrontal cortex

63
Q

What is contralateral neglect?

A

Things in LVF do not exist/ occur to patient, no conception of objects in LVF, cannot look/ turn left

psyc111 exam study (3 decks)

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