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psyc111 exam study > Biological bases and Memory > Flashcards

Biological bases and Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What did Baddeley & Hitch argue and do?

A

Baddeley and Hitch argued that the model of STM is too simple, so they proposed that there are four components to STM:
- Central Executive
-Visuospatial sketchpad
-Phonological loop
-Episodic buffer

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2
Q

Episodic memory is?

A

Memory of personal life experiences

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3
Q

Sensory memory is?

A

Sensory memory comes before STM, lasts about 0.3-3 seconds

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4
Q

What does memory involve?

A

-Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval

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5
Q

What is chunking?

A

Grouping items into larger units of meaning

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6
Q

Who is Patient H.M and what did he suffer from?

A

Patient H.M is Henry Molaison and he suffered from a bike crash at 9 years old and developed seizures, retrograde amnesia and then dense anterograde amnesia with intact STM

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7
Q

What is emotional memory?

A

Emotion-memory interactions are often important in the making of episodic memories

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8
Q

What study to Peterson & Peterson conduct?

A

Number retention with variation intervals

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9
Q

What is autobiographical memory?

A

Memory for one’s personal history (semantic and episodic memory)

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10
Q

What does the serial position effect show?

A

The primacy and recency effect, rhyming words are bad for STM, meaning words are bad for LTM

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11
Q

What did Atkinson & Shiffrins multi-store model of memory show?

A

STM is limited to 7+-2, limited capacity, and LTM has a big capacity and very slow forgetting

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12
Q

Miller (1956)

A

The magic number, memory span stimuli

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13
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)

A

First person to investigate memory, created the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

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14
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

The recollection of ideas, concepts or facts

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15
Q

What is blocking/retrieval failure?

A

Absentmindedness/ encoding failure, which is the result of shallow encoding of events usually due to a failure to pay attention.

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16
Q

What is transience/ memory decay?

A

Form of trace decay, a change in the biology memory trace which weakens connections between neurons.

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17
Q

What is a habit?

A

Habit formation is a process by which behavioural control shifts from goal dependent to context dependent.

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18
Q

What is explicit memory?

A

Conscious memory involving recalling previously learned information, requiring conscious effort and verbally explained facts or semantic knowledge

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19
Q

What is implicit memory?

A

Unconscious /automatic memory which operates without awareness such as knowing how to ride a bike

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20
Q

What is priming?

A

Exposure to one stimulus influences how a person responds to a related stimulus, activating an association or representation in memory

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21
Q

What is memory distortion?

A

Misattributing or incorrectly recalling the origin of a specific event, could be caused by bias or suggestibility

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22
Q

What is retroactive interference?

A

New learning interferes with old learning

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23
Q

What is proactive interference?

A

Old learning interferes with new learning

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24
Q

Types of procedural or implicit memory?

A

-Skill learning
-Habits
-Priming
-Conditioning

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25
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A

The brain is the organ of interpretation and prediction

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26
Q

What factors influence encoding?

A

-Elaborative rehearsal
-Relating new info to info in LTM

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27
Q

What happened to Fernando Alonso?

A

Race car crash, woke up and thought it was 1995 in 2010, had developed retrograde amnesia.

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28
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord system

29
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Nerves from the brain and the spinal cord that send info to the rest of our body

30
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

The inability to create new memories after an event that caused amnesia

31
Q

What is retrograde amnesia?

A

The loss of past memories after an event that caused amnesia i.e. loss of memories before the event

32
Q

What is the method of loci?

A

Items to be remembered are visualised in specific, well-known places, localising memories for things such as a grocery list

33
Q

What is working memory? (STM)

A

VSS, AL and EB

34
Q

What is VSS?

A

Visuospatial sketchpad (images)

35
Q

What is AL?

A

Articulatory loop/ Phonological loop (sound)

36
Q

What is EB?

A

Episodic buffer

37
Q

What is consolidation?

A

The strengthening of a trace over time, encoding-storage-retrieval-consolidation

38
Q

What is a schema?

A

An example of prior knowledge, a mental framework or organised pattern of thought about some aspect of the world

39
Q

What are the two depths of processing?

A

Shallow processing: sound, shape
Deep processing: meaning (semantic structure)

40
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A

-frontal lobe
-parietal lobe
-temporal lobe
-occipital lobe

41
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

Decision making and complex processes

42
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

A

Memory

43
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

A

Determining your space/ movement/ spatial awareness

44
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A

Vision and visual information

45
Q

What did Stein and Bransford do?

A

Conducted a study that showed that the least accurately recalled sentence was a base sentence, and the most accurately recalled sentence was a base and elaborated sentence, therefore meaningful things are remembered better for STM.

46
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

The hippocampus encodes experiences

47
Q

What is the function of the ‘light switch’?

A

Light controls the body clock by activating the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
1. light goes in eyes
2. recognition in the pineal gland
3. SCN synchronizing

48
Q

What is the function of the creative sweet spot?

A

Sleep stage 1 (NREM-N1) is associated with involuntary spontaneous dream-like experiences that incorporate recent wake experiences (hypnagogia)

49
Q

What is declarative memory enhanced by?

A

SWS rich sleep

50
Q

What is procedural memory enhanced by?

A

Late or REM rich sleep

51
Q

What did Michael Siffre do?

A

Went underground and deprived himself of info for night and day, resulted in 25 hour sleep wake cycle

52
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Physical, mental and behavioural changes an organism experiences over a 24 hour cycle

53
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

A critical region in the brain that is involved in basic bodily functions such as:
-body temperature
-appetite
-thirst
-sexual activity

54
Q

What is the sleep cycle pattern?

A
  • Awake
  • Drowsy
  • Stage 1 sleep
  • Stage 2 sleep
  • Slow wave sleep SWS (stage 3)
  • REM sleep
55
Q

What is the function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus SCN?

A

Within the hypothalamus is a small region that controls the sleep/ wake cycle.

56
Q

What does Tetrodotoxin (TTX) do?

A

Blocks the ion flow through channels that generate action potential.

57
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

A temporary change in the membranes voltage

58
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A rapid change in the electrical charge of a neurons membrane.

59
Q

Where does a graded potential occur?

A

Dendrites

60
Q

Where does an action potential occur?

A

Axons

61
Q

What is a neuron?

A

A specialised nerve cell that are the brains processing units

62
Q

What is the function of synapse?

A

Synapse is the name of the connection for neurons, it is how neurons are transmitted electrically from axons to dendrites.

63
Q

What is an agonist?

A

Drugs that bind to a receptor of a cell, mimicking the action of a naturally occurring substance

64
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

Drugs that block or suppress agonist-medicated responses.

65
Q

What is a schizophrenia-positive symptom?

A

-Delusions
-Hallucinations
-Disorganised thinking

66
Q

What is a schizophrenia-negative symptom?

A

-Blunted affect
-Poverty of speech and thought
-Apathy

67
Q

What outcome do you get if you suppress dopamine in schizophrenics?

A

A positive outcome

68
Q

What happens to your dopamine levels when you develop Parkinson’s?

A

In Parkinson’s you’re losing the ability to transmit/ produce dopamine into other areas, therefore Parkinson’s is treated with dopamine agonists i.e. drugs that mimic dopamine

psyc111 exam study (3 decks)

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