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psyc111 exam study > Learning and developmental psychology > Flashcards

Learning and developmental psychology Flashcards

1
Q

The 3 interrelation propositions of gateway drugs:

A
  1. sequencing
  2. association
  3. causation
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2
Q

What did Secades-Villa et al argue?

A

That cannabis is a gateway drug

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3
Q

What did Degenhardt et al argue?

A

That cannabis is not causal in leading to the use of illicit drugs

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4
Q

Are Monozygotic twins identical or non-identical?

A

Identical

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5
Q

Are Dizygotic twins identical or non-identical?

A

Non-identical

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6
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A

Occurs from learning and memory which are thought to be due to long-term changes in synaptic strength

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7
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

Positive consequences increase the likelihood or probability of a response

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8
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Relation between two stimuli (CS and US). The CS elicits the CR.

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9
Q

What is instrumental conditioning /operant conditioning?

A

Concerns the probability or likelihood of a response changing as a function of its consequences. The subject emits the response in order to produce a reward.

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10
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding a stimulus or event upon a response increases that behaviour

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11
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Removing a stimulus or event upon a response increases that behaviour

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12
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

Adding a stimulus upon a response decreases that behaviour

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13
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

Removing a stimulus upon a response decreases that behaviour

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14
Q

What is Premacks Principle?

A

Transitional reinforcement, theory focuses on general causal stimuli with relatively long-term deprivation

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15
Q

What did Albert Bandura invent?

A

Modelling behaviour theory, Attention, Retention, Production, Motivation

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16
Q

What is Latent learning?

A

Learning from experience when there appears no obvious reinforcement or punishment from the behaviour

17
Q

What is the process of acquisition?

A

The process by which a conditioned stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response

18
Q

What are the 2 behaviours selected by evolution?

A

-Reflexive
-Instinctual

19
Q

What is the behaviour selected by experience?

A

Learning

20
Q

What is habituation?

A

The decline in tendency to respond to stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure

21
Q

What is extinction?

A

If the CS is repeatedly presented without the US then the CR will gradually decrease

22
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular response

23
Q

What is stimulus generalisation?

A

A conditioned response formed to one conditioned stimulus will occur to other similar stimuli

24
Q

What is flooding?

A

fear elicited by a CS is eliminated by process of extinctionW

25
Q

What is blocking?

A

Conditioning does not occur if a good predictor of the US already exists

26
Q

What is the process of higher-order conditioning?

A

Once the stimulus has become an effective CS for a certain CR, then that stimulus can be used to condition other stimuli

27
Q

What is the process of stimulus discrimination?

A

When an organism does not respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in training

28
Q

What did John Bowlby argue?

A

Argued that the effect on such a child could be increased attention-seeking behaviour

29
Q

What did Harold Skeets argue?

A

That children were getting adequate nutrition, warmth and cleanliness in foster homes

30
Q

What did Perrys research show?

A

That the earlier the removal from foster care, the bigger the brain volume

31
Q

What is a sensitive period?

A

A period during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to the effects pf a particular experience, effects can be altered and less dramatic

32
Q

What is a critical period?

A

A period during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to the effects of a particular experience, effects are dramatic and irreversible

33
Q

What do Teratogens do?

A

An agent that causes deviations in normal development that lead to serious abnormalities or death.

34
Q

What is the process of imprinting?

A

The process by which mothers’ offspring attachments are formed in many species of birds

35
Q

What did Konrad Lorenz study?

A

Greylag geese and the fixed action pattern

36
Q

What does social isolation do?

A

-Increases self-directed stereotypic behaviour (rocking, biting)
-Causes deficits in social behaviour

37
Q

What did Henry Harlow believe?

A

Unnecessary physical contact between mother and child would spoil the child, emotions were of negligible importance (importance of mothers love)

psyc111 exam study (3 decks)

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