Learning and developmental psychology

Question 1

The 3 interrelation propositions of gateway drugs:

Answer 1

1. sequencing
2. association
3. causation

Question 2

What did Secades-Villa et al argue?

Answer 2

That cannabis is a gateway drug

Question 3

What did Degenhardt et al argue?

Answer 3

That cannabis is not causal in leading to the use of illicit drugs

Question 4

Are Monozygotic twins identical or non-identical?

Answer 4

Identical

Question 5

Are Dizygotic twins identical or non-identical?

Answer 5

Non-identical

Question 6

What is synaptic plasticity?

Answer 6

Occurs from learning and memory which are thought to be due to long-term changes in synaptic strength

Question 7

What is the law of effect?

Answer 7

Positive consequences increase the likelihood or probability of a response

Question 8

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 8

Relation between two stimuli (CS and US). The CS elicits the CR.

Question 9

What is instrumental conditioning /operant conditioning?

Answer 9

Concerns the probability or likelihood of a response changing as a function of its consequences. The subject emits the response in order to produce a reward.

Question 10

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 10

Adding a stimulus or event upon a response increases that behaviour

Question 11

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 11

Removing a stimulus or event upon a response increases that behaviour

Question 12

What is positive punishment?

Answer 12

Adding a stimulus upon a response decreases that behaviour

Question 13

What is negative punishment?

Answer 13

Removing a stimulus upon a response decreases that behaviour

Question 14

What is Premacks Principle?

Answer 14

Transitional reinforcement, theory focuses on general causal stimuli with relatively long-term deprivation

Question 15

What did Albert Bandura invent?

Answer 15

Modelling behaviour theory, Attention, Retention, Production, Motivation

Question 16

What is Latent learning?

Answer 16

Learning from experience when there appears no obvious reinforcement or punishment from the behaviour

Question 17

What is the process of acquisition?

Answer 17

The process by which a conditioned stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response

Question 18

What are the 2 behaviours selected by evolution?

Answer 18

-Reflexive
-Instinctual

Question 19

What is the behaviour selected by experience?

Answer 19

Learning

Question 20

What is habituation?

Answer 20

The decline in tendency to respond to stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure

Question 21

What is extinction?

Answer 21

If the CS is repeatedly presented without the US then the CR will gradually decrease

Question 22

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 22

A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular response

Question 23

What is stimulus generalisation?

Answer 23

A conditioned response formed to one conditioned stimulus will occur to other similar stimuli

Question 24

What is flooding?

Answer 24

fear elicited by a CS is eliminated by process of extinctionW

Question 25

What is blocking?

Answer 25

Conditioning does not occur if a good predictor of the US already exists

Question 26

What is the process of higher-order conditioning?

Answer 26

Once the stimulus has become an effective CS for a certain CR, then that stimulus can be used to condition other stimuli

Question 27

What is the process of stimulus discrimination?

Answer 27

When an organism does not respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in training

Question 28

What did John Bowlby argue?

Answer 28

Argued that the effect on such a child could be increased attention-seeking behaviour

Question 29

What did Harold Skeets argue?

Answer 29

That children were getting adequate nutrition, warmth and cleanliness in foster homes

Question 30

What did Perrys research show?

Answer 30

That the earlier the removal from foster care, the bigger the brain volume

Question 31

What is a sensitive period?

Answer 31

A period during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to the effects pf a particular experience, effects can be altered and less dramatic

Question 32

What is a critical period?

Answer 32

A period during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to the effects of a particular experience, effects are dramatic and irreversible

Question 33

What do Teratogens do?

Answer 33

An agent that causes deviations in normal development that lead to serious abnormalities or death.

Question 34

What is the process of imprinting?

Answer 34

The process by which mothers' offspring attachments are formed in many species of birds

Question 35

What did Konrad Lorenz study?

Answer 35

Greylag geese and the fixed action pattern

Question 36

What does social isolation do?

Answer 36

-Increases self-directed stereotypic behaviour (rocking, biting) -Causes deficits in social behaviour

Question 37

What did Henry Harlow believe?

Answer 37

Unnecessary physical contact between mother and child would spoil the child, emotions were of negligible importance (importance of mothers love)