Learning and developmental psychology Flashcards
The 3 interrelation propositions of gateway drugs:
- sequencing
- association
- causation
What did Secades-Villa et al argue?
That cannabis is a gateway drug
What did Degenhardt et al argue?
That cannabis is not causal in leading to the use of illicit drugs
Are Monozygotic twins identical or non-identical?
Identical
Are Dizygotic twins identical or non-identical?
Non-identical
What is synaptic plasticity?
Occurs from learning and memory which are thought to be due to long-term changes in synaptic strength
What is the law of effect?
Positive consequences increase the likelihood or probability of a response
What is classical conditioning?
Relation between two stimuli (CS and US). The CS elicits the CR.
What is instrumental conditioning /operant conditioning?
Concerns the probability or likelihood of a response changing as a function of its consequences. The subject emits the response in order to produce a reward.
What is positive reinforcement?
Adding a stimulus or event upon a response increases that behaviour
What is negative reinforcement?
Removing a stimulus or event upon a response increases that behaviour
What is positive punishment?
Adding a stimulus upon a response decreases that behaviour
What is negative punishment?
Removing a stimulus upon a response decreases that behaviour
What is Premacks Principle?
Transitional reinforcement, theory focuses on general causal stimuli with relatively long-term deprivation
What did Albert Bandura invent?
Modelling behaviour theory, Attention, Retention, Production, Motivation
What is Latent learning?
Learning from experience when there appears no obvious reinforcement or punishment from the behaviour
What is the process of acquisition?
The process by which a conditioned stimulus comes to produce a conditioned response
What are the 2 behaviours selected by evolution?
-Reflexive
-Instinctual
What is the behaviour selected by experience?
Learning
What is habituation?
The decline in tendency to respond to stimuli that have become familiar due to repeated exposure
What is extinction?
If the CS is repeatedly presented without the US then the CR will gradually decrease
What is classical conditioning?
A neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that automatically elicits a particular response
What is stimulus generalisation?
A conditioned response formed to one conditioned stimulus will occur to other similar stimuli
What is flooding?
fear elicited by a CS is eliminated by process of extinctionW
What is blocking?
Conditioning does not occur if a good predictor of the US already exists
What is the process of higher-order conditioning?
Once the stimulus has become an effective CS for a certain CR, then that stimulus can be used to condition other stimuli
What is the process of stimulus discrimination?
When an organism does not respond to stimuli that are similar to the stimulus used in training
What did John Bowlby argue?
Argued that the effect on such a child could be increased attention-seeking behaviour
What did Harold Skeets argue?
That children were getting adequate nutrition, warmth and cleanliness in foster homes
What did Perrys research show?
That the earlier the removal from foster care, the bigger the brain volume
What is a sensitive period?
A period during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to the effects pf a particular experience, effects can be altered and less dramatic
What is a critical period?
A period during development when the organism is particularly susceptible to the effects of a particular experience, effects are dramatic and irreversible
What do Teratogens do?
An agent that causes deviations in normal development that lead to serious abnormalities or death.
What is the process of imprinting?
The process by which mothers’ offspring attachments are formed in many species of birds
What did Konrad Lorenz study?
Greylag geese and the fixed action pattern
What does social isolation do?
-Increases self-directed stereotypic behaviour (rocking, biting)
-Causes deficits in social behaviour
What did Henry Harlow believe?
Unnecessary physical contact between mother and child would spoil the child, emotions were of negligible importance (importance of mothers love)
