Perception And Individual Decision Making Flashcards
Perception
A process by which we organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to our environment
Internally caused behaviors
Behaviora the observer believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individual
Externally caused behaviors
What we imagine the situation forced the individual to do
Fundamental attribution error
When we make judgements about the behavior of others we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of personal or internal factors
Self serving bias
The tendancy to attribute ambiguous information as relatively flattering, accept positive feedback, amd reject negative feedback.
Selective perception
Any characteristic that makes a person, object, or an event stand out will inctease the probability we perceive it. We select based on our interests, background, experience, and attitudes. Seeing what we want to see.
Halo effect
When we draw an impression about an individual based on a single characteristic
Contrast effects
Distorts perception based on others we have recently encountered
Stereotyping
When we judge someone based on our perception of the group they belong to
Heuristics
The stereotypes or shortcuts we use to make decisions quickly
Self-fulfilling prophecy/Pygmalion Effect
How an individuals behavior is determined by others expectations
Six steps of the rational decision making model
- Define the problem
- Identify the decision criteria
- Allocate weights to the criteria
- Develop the alternatives
- Evaluate the alternatives
- Select the best alternative
Satisfice
Seek solutions that are satisfactory amd sufficent
Bounded rationality
Constructing simplified models that extract the essential information from problems without capturing the full complexity. We then behave rationally within the simple model.
Intuitive decision making
An unconscious process created from distilled experience
Affectively charged
Engages the emotions
Reducing Bias and errors
- Focus on goals
- Look for information that disconfirms your beliefs
- Dont try to create meaning out of random events
- Increase your options
Over confidence bias
Being over confident about our abilities and those of others
Anchoring bias
The tendency to focus on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information
Confirmation bias
Selective perception. We seek out information that reaffirms our past choices and discount information that contradicts them
Availability bias
Our tendency to base jusgements on readily available information
Escalation of commitment
Staying with a decision even if theres clear evidence its wrong
Randomness error
Our tendency to believe we can predict the outcome of random events
Risk aversion
The tendency to prefer a sure thing over a risky outcome
Hindsight bias
The tendency to believe falsely after the outcome is known fhat we would have accurately predicted it
Utilitarianism
Proposes that making decisions solely on the basis of their outcomes ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number
Three ethical decision criteria
- Outcomes (utilitarianism)
- Fundamental liberties and privileges (rights)
- Impose and enforce rules fairly (justice)
Behavioral ethics
An area of study that analyzes how people behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas
Broken windows theory
The idea that decayed and disorderly irban environments may facilitate criminal behavior becauae they signal antisocial norms
Four steps of creative behavior
- Problem formulation
- Information gathering
- Idea generation
- Idea evaluation
