Perception And Individual Decision Making

Question 1

Perception

Answer 1

A process by which we organize and interpret sensory impressions in order to give meaning to our environment

Question 2

Internally caused behaviors

Answer 2

Behaviora the observer believes to be under the personal behavioral control of another individual

Question 3

Externally caused behaviors

Answer 3

What we imagine the situation forced the individual to do

Question 4

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 4

When we make judgements about the behavior of others we tend to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of personal or internal factors

Question 5

Self serving bias

Answer 5

The tendancy to attribute ambiguous information as relatively flattering, accept positive feedback, amd reject negative feedback.

Question 6

Selective perception

Answer 6

Any characteristic that makes a person, object, or an event stand out will inctease the probability we perceive it. We select based on our interests, background, experience, and attitudes. Seeing what we want to see.

Question 7

Halo effect

Answer 7

When we draw an impression about an individual based on a single characteristic

Question 8

Contrast effects

Answer 8

Distorts perception based on others we have recently encountered

Question 9

Stereotyping

Answer 9

When we judge someone based on our perception of the group they belong to

Question 10

Heuristics

Answer 10

The stereotypes or shortcuts we use to make decisions quickly

Question 11

Self-fulfilling prophecy/Pygmalion Effect

Answer 11

How an individuals behavior is determined by others expectations

Question 12

Six steps of the rational decision making model

Answer 12

1. Define the problem
2. Identify the decision criteria
3. Allocate weights to the criteria
4. Develop the alternatives
5. Evaluate the alternatives
6. Select the best alternative

Question 13

Satisfice

Answer 13

Seek solutions that are satisfactory amd sufficent

Question 14

Bounded rationality

Answer 14

Constructing simplified models that extract the essential information from problems without capturing the full complexity. We then behave rationally within the simple model.

Question 15

Intuitive decision making

Answer 15

An unconscious process created from distilled experience

Question 16

Affectively charged

Answer 16

Engages the emotions

Question 17

Reducing Bias and errors

Answer 17

1. Focus on goals
2. Look for information that disconfirms your beliefs
3. Dont try to create meaning out of random events
4. Increase your options

Question 18

Over confidence bias

Answer 18

Being over confident about our abilities and those of others

Question 19

Anchoring bias

Answer 19

The tendency to focus on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information

Question 20

Confirmation bias

Answer 20

Selective perception. We seek out information that reaffirms our past choices and discount information that contradicts them

Question 21

Availability bias

Answer 21

Our tendency to base jusgements on readily available information

Question 22

Escalation of commitment

Answer 22

Staying with a decision even if theres clear evidence its wrong

Question 23

Randomness error

Answer 23

Our tendency to believe we can predict the outcome of random events

Question 24

Risk aversion

Answer 24

The tendency to prefer a sure thing over a risky outcome

Question 25

Hindsight bias

Answer 25

The tendency to believe falsely after the outcome is known fhat we would have accurately predicted it

Question 26

Utilitarianism

Answer 26

Proposes that making decisions solely on the basis of their outcomes ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number

Question 27

Three ethical decision criteria

Answer 27

1. Outcomes (utilitarianism)
2. Fundamental liberties and privileges (rights)
3. Impose and enforce rules fairly (justice)

Question 28

Behavioral ethics

Answer 28

An area of study that analyzes how people behave when confronted with ethical dilemmas

Question 29

Broken windows theory

Answer 29

The idea that decayed and disorderly irban environments may facilitate criminal behavior becauae they signal antisocial norms

Question 30

Four steps of creative behavior

Answer 30

1. Problem formulation
2. Information gathering
3. Idea generation
4. Idea evaluation