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Biological Psychology > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

SENSORY PROCESSING -

A

interpreting information our senses receive from the environment

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2
Q

Human’s brain have a limited capacity! true or false?

A

true

Even without a limited capacity it would not make sense to be constantly aware of irrelevant sensory information

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3
Q

Vision is interpretive –

A

brain interprets the visual input.

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4
Q

Vision is constructive –

A

brain constructs representations of the world around us.

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5
Q

Our sensory impressions are influenced by:

A

the contexts in which they take place
our emotional states
our past experiences

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6
Q

How do we construct the image we have in our mind?

A

Making eye movements

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7
Q

The retina:

Two types of photoreceptors:

A

cones (color sensitive, important for colored daylight vision; densely packed in fovea)
rods (important for night vision; vision in the dark is black & white)

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8
Q

Retinal ganglion cells-

A

group of retinal neurons with axons that give rise to the optic nerve

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9
Q

Our vision is ‘binocular’ for the middle field?

A

true

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10
Q

The visual information leaves both eyes via the optic nerve?

A

true

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11
Q

Information from each eye crosses over in optic chiasm and goes to the opposite hemisphere

A

true

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12
Q

Visual information goes through the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)?

A

True

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13
Q

LGN directs visual information into the visual cortex in the brain

A

true

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14
Q

Vision is HIERARCHICAL
Brain starts by processing most simple properties and works its way up as processing continues
State the stages…

A

Dots – Lines – Edges – Objects – Movement..

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15
Q

Vision is MODULAR

Specific areas of the brain deal with specific information. E.g….?

A

colours, movement, position…

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16
Q

V1 =

A

PRIMARY VISUAL CORTEX (also Striate Cortex)

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17
Q

Left V1 contains a retinotopic map of the entire right visual field, while right V1 contains a map of the…

A

left visual field.

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18
Q

Loss of V1 =

A

cortical blindness

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19
Q

Damage to parts of V1 =

A

blindness in related part of visual field

20
Q

Blindsightis the ability of people who are cortically blind due to…

A

lesions in their primary visual cortex (V1) to respond to visual stimuli that they do not consciously see.

21
Q

Area V4 is especially important for…

A

color perception, and some neurons in V4 respond well to more complex features or combination of features.

22
Q

V4 neurons are sensitive to…

A

curvature or to two lines that meet at a specific angle.

23
Q

Damage to both V4s can lead to loss of…

A

colour vision

Inability to identify or discriminate colour

24
Q

Damage to V4 in only one hemisphere can result in a loss of…

A

color perception to one side of visual space.

25
Q 
Area MT (V5)
The middle-temporal -- MT -- area is important for...
A

motion perception. Almost all neurons in area MT are direction-selective, meaning that they respond selectively to a certain range of motion directions and not to others.

26
Q

The fusiform face area (FFA)…

A

that responds more strongly to faces than to just about any other category of objects.

27
Q

The lateral occipital complex (LOC)…

A

has a role in object recognition and responds strongly to a variety of shapes and objects.

28
Q

The parahippocampal place area (PPA)is another strongly category-selective region that responds best to…

A

houses, landmarks, and indoor and outdoor scenes. This area responds more weakly to other types of stimuli such as faces, bodies, or inanimate objects.

29
Q

Dorsal pathway leading from V1 to the parietal lobe that is important for…

A

representing ’where’ things are

30
Q

Ventral pathway leading from V1 to the temporal lobe that is important for representing…

A

‘what‘ objects are. Ventral system includes visual association areas

31
Q

Prosopagnosia is agnosia for…

A

faces

Sometimes called ‘face blindness’
Can be caused by brain damage to FFA or some people have milder version from birth…

32
Q

Agnosia =

A

‘failure to know’
Impairment of visual perception due to brain damage, which is not attributable to sensory impairment or gross intellectual impairment

33
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

Patients can no longer identify by sight even simple objects

Patients do not have problems with memory for the word

Patients do not have with language needed to say the word

34
Q

Lissauer (1890) distinguished:

A

Apperceptive Visual Agnosia - Patients do not gather elements together to make a ‘whole’. Vision groups elements together (individual lines, colours etc…) to interpret shapes and objects – this ability is lost

Associative Visual Agnosia -Patients can ‘perceive’ the object – but can’t name it; they no longer associate it with the correct name.
Recognition by touch and verbal description good

35
Q

Visual agnosia – famous case

A

Patient HJA (Humphreys and Riddoch, 1987)

This patient has elements of both ‘apperceptive’ and ‘associative’ agnosias
Unable to integrate – in order to make sense of it
Can copy (in 6 hours!) but not name
36
Q

HJA – Object Decision Task

Study conclusion:

A

Visual perception has 2 important stages

Establishing overall GLOBAL form of stimulus
Process that BINDS all the features of a stimulus together

37
Q

Sensory information that refer to the same aspect of the physical world are perceived by differerent senses
true or false

A

true

38
Q

exlain Cross-modal correspondences

A

mappings between dimensions of a stimulus in different sensory modalities

these mappings induce compability effect between that dimensions of a stimulus

39
Q

2 KEY features of cross-modal correspondences

A

Polarity (stimulus is experienced as „more than”, „less than” another stimulus)

Universality (all or most individuals share the same pattern of correspondences)

40
Q

Cross-modal audio-visual correspondences alter:

A

Speed of information processing

Cross-modal associations can modulate audiovisual integration at perceptual level

41
Q

Speed of information processing

explain Pitch VS shape/brightness (MARKS, 1987)

A

Upturned “V-shape” and upturned “U-shape” was presented with low or high pitched tone.

Visual stimuli varied either in brightness (dim vs bright) or angularity (low vs high)

42
Q

Cross-modal correspondences can modulate PERCEPTION OF audiovisual Information
true or false

A

true

what our eyes see can influence what we hear

43
Q

Proposed steps in creating cross-modal correspondences

A
  1. structural regularities of an environment are first to create cross-modal correspondences
  2. then they shape vocabulary used
  3. with time brain may develop mechanisms to process these cross-sensory mappings (effects of experience on brain’s function and structure)
44
Q

How does the brain integrate auditory and visual information?

A

Multisensory (supramodal) neurons activation

Feedback projections from multisensory areas to sensory-specific areas provide a way for information from one sensory modality (e.g. vision) to inform another sensory modality (e.g., audition) (e.g. Bologini and Maravita, 2007).

Stimulation in one sensory modality can also activate brain regions that are specific for different modality via direct anatomical connections between sensory specific brain areas (e.g. Bologini et al., 2010)

45
Q

Important brain areas for multisensory interactions

A 
Subcortical 
Superior colliculus
Neurons respond to multiple
    sensory modalities (supramodal
    neurons)

Cortical
Temporo-parietal junction

46
Q

synesthesia key features

A 
Syn (join) +aesthesia (feeling)
Blending of senses
Is involuntary
Pairings are relatively stable over life-time
Idiosyncratic
47
Q

Two main types of mechanisms have been proposed for Synaesthesia:

A

Hyperconnectivity – there are extra connections in the brain
Disinhibition (at the neural level) – reduction in inhibition of brain areas, resulting in lower threshold for activation

Biological Psychology (7 decks)

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