Movement

Question 1

Movement could be defined as voluntary…

Answer 1

displacement of a body part in physical space E.g. taking a step 


Question 2

Action could be defined as series of…

Answer 2

movements that need to be accomplish to achieve a goal E.g. walking to a coffee shop

Question 3

Movements are usually made in response to…

Answer 3

sensory stimuli but can also be made in the absence of such information.

Question 4

Sensory information is important for movement. give examples…

Answer 4

walking requires balancing: we shift our weight forward from one leg to the other while balancing on one leg at a time. This balancing obviously requires ongoing afferent (somatosensory) input

Question 5

Smooth muscles -

Answer 5

control the digestive system and other organs (e.g. blood vessels, reproductive system)

Question 6

Skeletal muscles/striated muscles/ -

Answer 6

control movement of the body in relation to the environment.

Question 7

Cardiac muscles/striated muscles/ -

Answer 7

heart muscles that have properties of skeletal and smooth muscles

Question 8

Brain areas important for movement

Answer 8

Cerebrum (motor cortex): conscious control of movement

Brainstem: automatic movements (vital for survival, e.g. breathing)

Basal ganglia helps to produce the appropriate amount of force for grasping.

The cerebellum helps to regulate the timing and accuracy of movement

Additionally, spinal cord is important for automatic movements and reflexes.

Question 9

The primary motor cortex is located in the…

Answer 9

precentral gyrus located in the frontal lobe; is involved in executing skilled movements

Question 10

Prefrontal cortex -

Answer 10

involved in planning of complex movements

Question 11

Premotor cortex –

Answer 11

produces complex movement sequences appropriate to the task

Question 12

Supplementary motor cortex -

Answer 12

organizes rapid sequence of movements in a specific order

Question 13

Motor pathways that originate in brainstem are important for…

Answer 13

carrying information about posture (to stand upright) and balance, walking and swimming

Question 14

Brainstem is important in the control of

Answer 14

the movements used in eating, drinking and in sexual behavior.

Question 15

The Basal Ganglia, explainnnn

Answer 15

Modulates movement; important for control of force of movement
For example, in Huntigton disease damage to basal ganglia cells leads to involuntary and exaggerated movements  hyperkinetic symptoms.
Parkinson’s disease

Question 16

The cerebellum is important for…

Answer 16

the timing of movements and helps maintain movement accuracy.

Question 17

Movement of the body’s muscles is represented in the…

Answer 17

motor regions of the brain.

Question 18

Whole-body movements requiring a certain level of coordination are controlled by the…

Answer 18

brainstem

Question 19

Within the neocortex, elementary movements are controlled by the primary motor cortex, whereas coordinated movements are controlled by the premotor cortex.
true or false

Answer 19

true

Question 20

The brainstem is important for…

Answer 20

automatic movements vital for survival

Question 21

Basal ganglia helps to produce the appropriate amount of force for…

Answer 21

grasping

Question 22

The cerebellum helps to regulate the…

Answer 22

timing and accuracy of movement

Question 23

Mirror neurons -

Answer 23

are active both during preparation for a movement and while watching someone else perform the same or a similar movement

Question 24

Mirror neurons in humans are located where?

Answer 24

premotor cortex and the inferior parietal cortex

Question 25

Libet’s Study of…

Answer 25

Conscious Decisions and Movement