Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology 2b > perception > Flashcards

perception Flashcards

1
Q

what is the striate cortex?

A

the primary visual cortex

where the most basic visual information is processed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the extrastriate cortex?

A

the region of cortex bordering the primary visual cortex and containing multiple areas involved in visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what happens in the visual ventral pathway?

A

process visual information to work out WHAT something is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what happens in the visual dorsal pathway?

A

process visual information to work out WHERE things are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a receptive field?

A

particular region of sensory space in which a stimulus will modify the firing of that neurone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the inferotemporal cortex?

A

part of the cerebral cortex in the lower portion of the temporal lobe, important for object recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is agnosia?

A

when you cannot recognise an object even though you can see it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are grandmother cells?

A

cells that have very specific responses to very specific objects (e.g. fire when you see a Ferrari but not other cars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what role does mid-level vision play in perception?

A

it organises objects into objects and surfaces

determines which regions of an image should be grouped together into objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is illusory contour?

A

when a contour (edge) is perceived even though nothing changes from one side of the contour to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does gestalt psychology suggest?

A

that a scene is perceived as an organised whole rather than the constituent parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

give some examples of gestalts grouping rules

A 
good continuation
texture 
similarity
proximity 
parallelism 
symmetry
common region
connectedness 
common fate
synchrony
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are perceptual committees?

A

a metaphor for how perception occurs

perception can be ambiguous so ‘committees’ must work together to integrate conflicting opinion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an ambiguous figure?

A

a visual stimulus that gives rise to two or more interpretations of its identity or structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an accidental view point?

A

a viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image that is not present in the world (holding up the leaning tower of Pisa)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is ‘figure-ground assignment’?

A

process of determining some regions of an image belong to the object and some to the background

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are the gestalt figure-ground assignment principles? (5)

A 
surroundedness
size
symmetry
parallelism
relative motion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the principle of ‘surroundedness’

A

the surrounding region is likely to be the background o fan image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the gestalt figure-ground assignment principle of ‘size’?

A

that the smaller region is likely to be the figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the gestalt figure-ground assignment principle of symmetry?

A

that a sy,,metrical region tends to be seen as a figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the gestalt figure-ground assignment principle of parallelism?

A

that regions with parallel contours tend to be seen as a figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is the gestalt figure-ground assignment principle of relative motion?

A

that if one region moves in front of another, then the closer region is the figure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is occlusion?

A

when one object partially covers another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a non accidental feature?

A

a feature of an object that is not dependent on the viewing position of the observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what does T junctions indicate?

A

that the top of the T is in front and the stem is at the back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what do Y junctions indicate?

A

corners facing the observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do arrow junctions indicate?

A

corners facing away from the observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is the global superiority effect?

A

the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of parts of the object

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are the five principles of middle vision? ***

A
  1. it brings together that which should be brought together
  2. split part that which should be split apart
  3. use what you know
  4. avoid accidents
  5. seek consensus and avoid ambiguity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the Bayesian approach to perception?

A

formal, mathematical system that combines information about the current stimulus with prior knowledge about the world
use knowledge of the world to work out what is the most likely outcome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the subtraction method?

A

comparing brain activity with and without the brain process of interest being used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

which brain region responds to places?

A

the parahippocampal place area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

which brain region responds to faces more than other objects?

A

the fusiform face area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what brain region is specifically involved in the perception of body parts?

A

the extrastriate body are

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are the two types of ‘demons’ in the pandemonium mode?

A 
feature demons (straight line)
cognitive demons (R)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is Biederman’s adel of object recognition?

A

objects are recognised by the identities and relationships of their component parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are geons?

A

geometric ions that make up objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what are the three category levels for naming an object?

A

entry-level
subordinate-level
superordinate-level

39
Q

what is a subordinate-level category?

A

a more specific term for an object

40
Q

what is a superordinate-level category?

A

a more general term for an object

41
Q

what is holistic processing?

A

processing based on an analysis of the entire object or scene and not on adding together a set of similar parts or features

42
Q

what is prosopagnosia? **

A

the inability to recognise faces

43
Q

broad definition of attention

A

selection some information over others

44
Q

name some varieties of attention

A 
external
internal
overt 
covert
divided
sustained
45
Q

what is external attention?

A

attending to stimuli in the world

46
Q

what is internal attention?

A

attending to one line of thought over another, or selecting one response over another

47
Q

what is overt attention?

A

directing a sensory organ towards a stimulus

48
Q

what is covert attention?

A

attending without giving an outward sign that you are

49
Q

what is divided attention?

A

splitting attention between two different stimuli

50
Q

what is sustained attention?

A

continuously monitoring some stimulus

51
Q

define reaction time

A

a measure of time from the onset of a stimulus to a response

52
Q

what is a cue?

A

a stimulus that might indicate where or what the subsequent stimulus is

53
Q

what is stimulus onset asynchrony?

A

the time between the onset of one stimulus and the onset of another

54
Q

what is inhibition of return?

A

the relative difficulty of getting attention to return to a recently attended to location
once you have fixated on an area, you’re less likely to come back to it

55
Q

what is the ‘spotlight’ model of attention?

A

attention is restricted in space and moves from one point to another

56
Q

what is the ‘zoom lens’ model of attention?

A

the attended region can grow or shrink depending on the size of the area to be processed

57
Q

what is a visual search?

A

looking for a target in a display containing distracting elements

58
Q

what is a feature search?

A

search for a target defined by a certain attribute

e.g. colour

59
Q

what is salience?

A

the vividness of a stimulus relative to its neighbours

60
Q

what does parallel mean in visual attention?

A

processing multiple stimuli at the same time

61
Q

what is a guided search?

A

attention is restricted to a subset of items based on information about the item’s basic features (e.g. colour_

62
Q

what is a conjunction search?

A

search for a target defined by the presence of two or more attributes

63
Q

what is scene based guidance?

A

information in our understanding of scenes that helps us find objects in a scene

64
Q

what is the binding problem in perception?

A

the challenge of trying to join different attributes of visual stimuli together that are handled by different brain circuits, to the appropriate object so we perceive a unified object

65
Q

what is illusory conjunction?

A

wrong combination of two features in a visual scene

66
Q

what does RSVP stand for?

A

rapid serial visual presentation

67
Q

what is RSVP?

A

an experimental procedure where stimuli appear in a stream at one location at a rapid rate

68
Q

what is attentional blink?

A

the difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of two target stimuli in RSVP steam of distracting stimuli

69
Q

what are the three ways a cell could be enhanced by attention?

A
  1. response enhancement
  2. sharper tuning
  3. altered tuning
70
Q

what is response enhancement?

A

attention makes the neurones fire more when seeing the stimulus

71
Q

what is sharper tuning?

A

attention stops the cell from responding to stimuli that doesn’t fit as well with the target we are intending to find

72
Q

what is altered tuning?

A

when attention changes the preferred stimulus that the neurones responds to

73
Q

what is ‘visual-field deficit’?

A

when a portion of the visual field has no vision or abnormal vision

74
Q

what does ‘neglect’ cause?

A

the inability to attend to or respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field

75
Q

what is the contralesional field?

A

the visual field on the opposite side to the brain lesion

76
Q

what is the ipsilesional field?

A

visual field on the same side as the brain region

77
Q

name some symptoms of ADHD

A

impulsivity
hyperactivity
inattentiveness

78
Q

what are the two pathways to scene perception?

A

selective

non-selective

79
Q

what is the selective pathway of perception?

A

only recognise one or very few objects at once

attend/further process certain objects at the expense of others

80
Q

what is the non-selective pathway of perception?

A

we process the general gist of the scene very quickly

81
Q

what are ‘ensemble statistics’?

A

the average properties of the objects in the scene. e.g. colour or type of region

82
Q

what is spatial layout?

A

the description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity specific objects

83
Q

what is change blindnesS?

A

the failure to notice major changes between two scenes

84
Q

what is inattentional blindness?

A

the failure to notice (or report) a stimulus that would be easily reportable if it were attended to
monkey in the brain scan

85
Q

what did yarbus’ experiment find?

A

the way people distribute their attention depends on their goal
people who think differently, see differently (gaze of cricket players)

86
Q

what is the physical definition of sound?

A

waves of changing pressure travelling through air

87
Q

amplitude definition

A

magnitude of displacement of a sound pressure wave

max displacement from equilibrium

88
Q

frequency definition

A

number of waves per second

89
Q

what is amplitude perceived as?

A

amplitude

90
Q

what is frequency perceived as

A

pitch

91
Q

how much does loudness increase if you increase amplitude by 10x

A

4x

92
Q

what is the fundamental frequency?

A

the lowest frequency component of the sound

93
Q

what is white noise?

A

sound made up of all audible frequencies in equal amounts

psychology 2b (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions