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psychology 2b > memory and amnesia > Flashcards

memory and amnesia Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three stages of the memory process?

A

encoding, storage and retrieval

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2
Q

where is the main memory place in the brain?

A

hippocampus

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3
Q

where is semantic memory stored?

A

parahippocampal region

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4
Q

what part does frontal lobe play in memory?

A

allows us to check and control the memory system

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5
Q

what are the three different types of memory?

A

episodic, semantic and procedural

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6
Q

what is episodic memory?

A

memory of events

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7
Q

what is semantic memory?

A

memory of facts

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8
Q

what is procedural memory?

A

memory of actions and skills

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9
Q

what are the two types of amnesia?

A

anterograde and retrograde amnesia

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10
Q

what is anterograde amnesia?

A

when you can remember the past but cannot learn new things

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11
Q

what is retrograde amnesia?

A

when you can’t remember the past but can learn new things

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12
Q

what part of the brain did patient HM have removed?

A

bilateral medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus)

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13
Q

what part of the brain did patient HM have removed?

A

bilateral medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus)

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14
Q

what kind of amnesia did patient HM have?

A

both

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15
Q

what is change blindness?

A

observers failing to notice major differences in their surroundings

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16
Q

what is an example of change blindness?

A

a man asks for information, when the participant turns around the man asking for info changes, the person being asked doesn’t notice the change in person

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17
Q

what are the real world implications of change blindness? give an example/stat

A

makes eye witness testimonies unreliable. e.g. 20% of people in an eye witness police line up will pick an innocent actor

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18
Q

what is an example of implanted memories?

A

people coming out of Disney land were asked if they shook hands with bugs bunny (not a Disney character so impossible. over 50% said they shook his hand

school teachers purse was stolen, she said he had a weird nose, people later reported seeing a weird nose

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19
Q

what does double dissociation mean?

A

When two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

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20
Q

what does double dissociation mean?

A

When two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

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21
Q

where does long term memory take place in the brain?

A

medial temporal lobe

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22
Q

where does short term memory take place?

A

left parietal lobe

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23
Q

where does short term memory take place?

A

left parietal lobe

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24
Q

what is the information deficit model?

A

saying that public scepticism towards science is cause by a lack of understanding resulting from a lack of information

25
Q

evidence for the information deficit model

A

vacines

people were either exposed to nothing or told ‘myths aren’t true, you should vaccinate your children’
those who were exposed to myth debunking retained more myths and were more likely to not vaccinate their children
going against what they’re told by science because they are sceptical

26
Q

two forgetting hypotheses

A

decay over time (trace decay theory)

interference

27
Q

what is interference theory?

A

we forget because some memory traces interfere with the retrieval of others

28
Q

what is the graph as evidence for the trace decay theory?

A

ebbinghaus forgetting curve

29
Q

what does the ebbinghaus forgetting curve suggest?

A

that we forget rapidly begin with

forgetting then slows down and becomes an asymptote

30
Q

what are the two types of interference?

A

proactive interference and retroactive interference

31
Q

what is proactive interference?

A

something you already know stops you learning something new

32
Q

what is retroactive interference?

A

later learning hinders the memory of previously learnt stuff

33
Q

why is forgetting good?

A

forgetting those things which are not retrieved often makes more relevant information take precedence
forgetting is an adaptive feature that facilitated updating

34
Q

what was Bartlett’s experiment?

A

English participants had to read a Canadian Indian folk story
asked to recall the story at different intervals

35
Q

what were the results of Bartlett’s experiment?

A

at longer intervals between reading the story and remembering - participants were less accurate
where elements of the story failed to fit the schema of the participant, these elements were omitted from recollection or replaces with something more familiar to them (e.g. canoes became boats)

36
Q

give some of the cause of amnesia

A 
stroke
head trauma (e.g. concussion)
brain surgury
alzheimer's 
alcoholism 
stress
malnutrition
37
Q

what is short term memory?

A

memory for information currently in mind

38
Q

what is long term memory?

A

stored information that is not needed at that point in time

39
Q

what is the different in LTM and STM capacity?

A

LTM has basically unlimited capacity

STM has limited capacity

40
Q

what is implicit memory?

A

unconscious memory
don’t have to think about it to remember it
built on past experience
e.g. procedural memory (don’t consciously remember how to walk)

41
Q

where is episodic memory stored?

A

hippocampal formation

42
Q

definition of learning

A

an enduring change in behaviour potential that results from experience

43
Q

what brain area deteriorates in Huntington’s patients?

A

caudate nucleus of basal ganglia

44
Q

what brain area deteriorates in Alzheimer’s patients

A

medial temporal structures

45
Q

what is recall?

A

having to retrieve information from your memory

46
Q

what is recognition?

A

having to identify a target from a number of possible targets

47
Q

what are the two types of long term memory?

A

declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)

48
Q

what are the two types of explicit memory?

A

semantics and episodic

49
Q

what are the four types of implicit memory?

A

procedural, classical conditioning, priming and non-associative learning

50
Q

what is the difference between science and pseudo science?

A

EVIDENCE

51
Q

how can you effectively myth debunk?

A

fill the gap you create

if you hold a belief and that belief is taken away our mind falls the gap with a false alternative instead

52
Q

timeline of methods to research memory

A

introspection –> experiments –> case studies

53
Q

what is serial position effect?

A

a words position in a series of words affects how well we remember it

54
Q

in a list of words, which words do we remember best?

A

first and last

55
Q

what are the names of the effect that mean we remember the first and last words in a list best?

A

primacy effect

recency effect

56
Q

what are the three ways of retrieving information from memory?

A

recall
recognition
cued recall

57
Q

where are context representation and item representation happening in the brain?

A

context - parahippocampal region

item - perirhinal

58
Q

what happens in the entorhinal cortex?

A

send information to hippocampus to put items into context

59
Q

what is confabulation?

A

when patients have false memories that they believe to be real

psychology 2b (4 decks)

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