memory and amnesia

Question 1

what are the three stages of the memory process?

Answer 1

encoding, storage and retrieval

Question 2

where is the main memory place in the brain?

Answer 2

hippocampus

Question 3

where is semantic memory stored?

Answer 3

parahippocampal region

Question 4

what part does frontal lobe play in memory?

Answer 4

allows us to check and control the memory system

Question 5

what are the three different types of memory?

Answer 5

episodic, semantic and procedural

Question 6

what is episodic memory?

Answer 6

memory of events

Question 7

what is semantic memory?

Answer 7

memory of facts

Question 8

what is procedural memory?

Answer 8

memory of actions and skills

Question 9

what are the two types of amnesia?

Answer 9

anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 10

what is anterograde amnesia?

Answer 10

when you can remember the past but cannot learn new things

Question 11

what is retrograde amnesia?

Answer 11

when you can’t remember the past but can learn new things

Question 12

what part of the brain did patient HM have removed?

Answer 12

bilateral medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus)

Question 13

what part of the brain did patient HM have removed?

Answer 13

bilateral medial temporal lobes (including hippocampus)

Question 14

what kind of amnesia did patient HM have?

Answer 14

both

Question 15

what is change blindness?

Answer 15

observers failing to notice major differences in their surroundings

Question 16

what is an example of change blindness?

Answer 16

a man asks for information, when the participant turns around the man asking for info changes, the person being asked doesn’t notice the change in person

Question 17

what are the real world implications of change blindness? give an example/stat

Answer 17

makes eye witness testimonies unreliable. e.g. 20% of people in an eye witness police line up will pick an innocent actor

Question 18

what is an example of implanted memories?

Answer 18

people coming out of Disney land were asked if they shook hands with bugs bunny (not a Disney character so impossible. over 50% said they shook his hand

school teachers purse was stolen, she said he had a weird nose, people later reported seeing a weird nose

Question 19

what does double dissociation mean?

Answer 19

When two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

Question 20

what does double dissociation mean?

Answer 20

When two related mental processes are shown to function independently of each other

Question 21

where does long term memory take place in the brain?

Answer 21

medial temporal lobe

Question 22

where does short term memory take place?

Answer 22

left parietal lobe

Question 23

where does short term memory take place?

Answer 23

left parietal lobe

Question 24

what is the information deficit model?

Answer 24

saying that public scepticism towards science is cause by a lack of understanding resulting from a lack of information

Question 25

evidence for the information deficit model

Answer 25

vacines people were either exposed to nothing or told 'myths aren't true, you should vaccinate your children' those who were exposed to myth debunking retained more myths and were more likely to not vaccinate their children going against what they're told by science because they are sceptical

Question 26

two forgetting hypotheses

Answer 26

decay over time (trace decay theory) | interference

Question 27

what is interference theory?

Answer 27

we forget because some memory traces interfere with the retrieval of others

Question 28

what is the graph as evidence for the trace decay theory?

Answer 28

ebbinghaus forgetting curve

Question 29

what does the ebbinghaus forgetting curve suggest?

Answer 29

that we forget rapidly begin with | forgetting then slows down and becomes an asymptote

Question 30

what are the two types of interference?

Answer 30

proactive interference and retroactive interference

Question 31

what is proactive interference?

Answer 31

something you already know stops you learning something new

Question 32

what is retroactive interference?

Answer 32

later learning hinders the memory of previously learnt stuff

Question 33

why is forgetting good?

Answer 33

forgetting those things which are not retrieved often makes more relevant information take precedence forgetting is an adaptive feature that facilitated updating

Question 34

what was Bartlett's experiment?

Answer 34

English participants had to read a Canadian Indian folk story asked to recall the story at different intervals

Question 35

what were the results of Bartlett's experiment?

Answer 35

at longer intervals between reading the story and remembering - participants were less accurate where elements of the story failed to fit the schema of the participant, these elements were omitted from recollection or replaces with something more familiar to them (e.g. canoes became boats)

Question 36

give some of the cause of amnesia

Answer 36

``` stroke head trauma (e.g. concussion) brain surgury alzheimer's alcoholism stress malnutrition ```

Question 37

what is short term memory?

Answer 37

memory for information currently in mind

Question 38

what is long term memory?

Answer 38

stored information that is not needed at that point in time

Question 39

what is the different in LTM and STM capacity?

Answer 39

LTM has basically unlimited capacity | STM has limited capacity

Question 40

what is implicit memory?

Answer 40

unconscious memory don't have to think about it to remember it built on past experience e.g. procedural memory (don't consciously remember how to walk)

Question 41

where is episodic memory stored?

Answer 41

hippocampal formation

Question 42

definition of learning

Answer 42

an enduring change in behaviour potential that results from experience

Question 43

what brain area deteriorates in Huntington's patients?

Answer 43

caudate nucleus of basal ganglia

Question 44

what brain area deteriorates in Alzheimer's patients

Answer 44

medial temporal structures

Question 45

what is recall?

Answer 45

having to retrieve information from your memory

Question 46

what is recognition?

Answer 46

having to identify a target from a number of possible targets

Question 47

what are the two types of long term memory?

Answer 47

declarative (explicit) and non-declarative (implicit)

Question 48

what are the two types of explicit memory?

Answer 48

semantics and episodic

Question 49

what are the four types of implicit memory?

Answer 49

procedural, classical conditioning, priming and non-associative learning

Question 50

what is the difference between science and pseudo science?

Answer 50

EVIDENCE

Question 51

how can you effectively myth debunk?

Answer 51

fill the gap you create | if you hold a belief and that belief is taken away our mind falls the gap with a false alternative instead

Question 52

timeline of methods to research memory

Answer 52

introspection --> experiments --> case studies

Question 53

what is serial position effect?

Answer 53

a words position in a series of words affects how well we remember it

Question 54

in a list of words, which words do we remember best?

Answer 54

first and last

Question 55

what are the names of the effect that mean we remember the first and last words in a list best?

Answer 55

primacy effect | recency effect

Question 56

what are the three ways of retrieving information from memory?

Answer 56

recall recognition cued recall

Question 57

where are context representation and item representation happening in the brain?

Answer 57

context - parahippocampal region | item - perirhinal

Question 58

what happens in the entorhinal cortex?

Answer 58

send information to hippocampus to put items into context

Question 59

what is confabulation?

Answer 59

when patients have false memories that they believe to be real