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psychology 2b > cognitive neuroscience > Flashcards

cognitive neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the supporting cells of neurones?

A

glia cells and oligodendrites

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2
Q

what is essential for a well-functioning cell?

A

COMMUNICATION

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3
Q

what is the border between the cell and the outside world called?

A

membrane

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4
Q

what is an eukaryote?

A

an organism whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes

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5
Q

what is a microtubule?

A

part of the cell that proteins can move along and transport a signal

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6
Q

what is the Cambrian revolution/explosion?

A

point in time when most major groups of animals appear in the follis record
before this most organisms were simple, composed of individual cells

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7
Q

what are the two ways in which neurones can communicate?

A

gap junctions

chemical synapses

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8
Q

are gap junctions or chemical synapses more energy intensive?

A

chemical synapses

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9
Q

how have neurones evolved to communicate?

A

chemical synapses

more energy intensive but allow for more complex communication

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10
Q

order of evolution from nervous system to humans

A

nervous system
land animals
mammals
humans

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11
Q

what is myelin?

A

isolation around the axons to stop action potentials from decaying due to electrical current leaking out through axonal membrane

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12
Q

why are mammals so successful?

A

they are endothermic

take longer to mature - allowing the development of more complex behaviour

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13
Q

what are the three types in the three brain theory?

A

reptilian
limbic
neocortex

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14
Q

what is the reptilian brain?

A

oldest evolutionarily
brainstem and cerebellum
controls the vital functions
e.g. body temp and heart rate

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15
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

made up of hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus
responsible for human emotions
can remember behaviours that received good and bad responses

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16
Q

what is the neocortex

A

newest evolutionarily
made up of cerebral hemispheres
responsible for human language, consciousness, abstract thought and imagination
what has allowed human culture

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17
Q

what are the three steps in evolution?

A

specialisation of the cell
specialisation of the organism
specialisation of the group

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18
Q

what element is inside the cell and what is outside?

A

sodium is outside

potassium is inside

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19
Q

what is ontogeny?

A

the development of one cell

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20
Q

what is phylogeny?

A

evolutionary development and diversification of a species

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21
Q

what are stem cells?

A

they are cells which are not specialised yet so can specialise into anything

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22
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical messengers that transmit signals across chemical synapses and produce activation in the cell they’re sent to

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23
Q

what are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A 
GABA
glutamate
adrenaline 
serotonin 
dopamine
endorphins
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24
Q

what is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

glutamate

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25
Q

what is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

26
Q

what disease is associated with an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory transmitters?

A

parkinson’s

27
Q

what is acetylcholine important for?

A

activating movement

attention and memory

28
Q

function of dopamine?

A

feelings of pleasure
associated with addiction
people repeat actions that produce dopamine

29
Q

function of serotonin?

A

contributes towards well-being and happiness

helps sleep cycle and digestive system regulation

30
Q

what affects serotonin levels?

A

light exposure

exercise

31
Q

what part of the brain receives perceptual information first?

A

thalamus

32
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

facilitates movement and inhibits competing movements

33
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

regulates motor movements

controls voluntary movements (e.g. posture and balance)

34
Q

what functions cross in the brain?

i.e. are controlled in the left of brain but performed in right of body?

A 
motor
auditory
perceptual
visual
(language is in left hemisphere for right handed people but not automatically the other way round in left handed people)
35
Q

what are mirror neurones

A

neurones that fire both when you are performing the action and see the action being performed

36
Q

what organelle has its own genetic material, independent from that of the nucleus?

A

mitochondria

37
Q

What was Haeckel’s idea about development?

A

ontogeny repeats phylogeny
organisms develop like we evolved with the islets and evolutionarily old features developing first and newest/more complex features developing later

38
Q

timeline of methods of cognitive neuroscience (6)

A 
observation of brain lesion and resulting behavioural deficits
linking deficits to pathology
single cell recordings
producing deficits in animals 
stimulation of the cortex
neuroimaging
39
Q

what was Franz Josef Gall’s idea about the brain called?

A

phrenology

40
Q

what are the assumptions of phrenology?

A

human mental capacity is made of different separable functions
the functions can be localised in specific parts of the brain
the use of a function increases the size of the brain region
growth of a brain region leads to development of detectable lumps in the skull

41
Q

What is Broca’s area?

A

brain region in frontal lobe associated with language production

42
Q

what is cytoarchitecture?

A

looking at the cellular composition of central nervous system tissues under a microscope

43
Q

what do classical neuroimaging methods actually measure and why?

A

blood flow

assuming that neurones activity = synapse activity = higher energy consumption = more blood flow

44
Q

advantages of functional neuroimaging

A

study of brain function in living organisms
easy to visualise
popular with the media
can use experimental design to control

45
Q

disadvantages of functional neuroimaging

A

indirect measure of activity

non-ecological conditions

46
Q

what is white matter?

A

connections/myelin

47
Q

what is grey matter?

A

nerve cells

48
Q

what does anterior mean?

A

front

49
Q

what does posterior mean?

A

back

50
Q

what is associated with the anterior part of the spinal cord?

A

movement

51
Q

what is associated with the posterior part of the spinal cord?

A

sensory

52
Q

what does dysarthria mean?

A

slow/slurred speech

poorly articulated speech

53
Q

what is melodic intonation therapy?

A

when patients lose speech, they can sometimes still sing

so they are told to sing sentences and learn to speak over time with less melody

54
Q

distal vs proximal

A

distal = towards edge vs proximal = towards centre

55
Q

dorsal vs ventral

A

dorsal = back or upper side vs ventral = front or lower side

56
Q

rostral vs caudal

A

rostral = towards the head or face vs caudal = away from the head or towards the tail

57
Q

cortical vs subcortical

A

cortical = surface of the brain vs subcortical = centre of brain

58
Q

ipsilateral vs contralateral

A

ipsilateral = same side as something, vs contralateral = opposite side to something (need reference point for these to make sense)

59
Q

what is cognitive neuropsychology?

A

the study of the structures and functions of the brain and how they relate to psychological processes

60
Q

what is anosognosia?

A

when a patient doesn’t realise they have a problem

61
Q

what is anosodiaphoria?

A

when a patient realises they have a problem but is indifferent to the severity of it

62
Q

what is semantic dementia?

A

when patients can speak fluently but don’t know very common words
they take things very literally
they try to compensate for semantic memory loss with better episodic memory

psychology 2b (4 decks)

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