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Psychology 2B > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

Role of receptive fields

A

Respond to visual properties important for perceiving objects

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2
Q

Inferotemporal cortex

A

Part of the cerebral cortex in the lower portion of the temporal lobe, important for object recognition

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3
Q

What is a lesion?

A

A region of damaged brain

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4
Q

What happens when IT cortex is lesioned

A

Agnosia - failure to recognise objects in spite of the ability to se them

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5
Q

Receptive field properties of IT neurons

A

Large
Don’t respond well to spots or lines
Do respond well to stimuli such as hands, faces or objects

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6
Q

Grandmother cells

A

Could be a neuron responsible for recognising your grandmother

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7
Q

Mid level vision

A

A loosely defined stage of visual processing that comes after basic features have been extracted from the image (low level ) and before object recognition and scene understanding

Involves the perception of edges and surfaces

Determines which regions of an image should be grouped together into objects

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8
Q

Texture segmentation

A

Carving an image into regions of common texture properties

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9
Q

what does texture grouping depend on

A

the statistics of textures in one region versus another

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10
Q

Gestalt grouping rules

A

similarity - similar looking items tend to group

Promiximity - items that are near each other tend to group

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11
Q

Parallelism

A

parallel contours are likely to belong to the same group

Symmetry - symmetrical regions are more likely to be seen as a group

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12
Q

Common region

A

Items will group if they appear to be part of the same larger region

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13
Q

Common fate

A

elements that move in the same direction tend to group together

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14
Q

Synchrony

A

Elements that change at the same time tend to group together

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15
Q

Camouflage

A

Animals exploit Gestalt grouping principles to group into their surroundings

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16
Q

Rapid serial visual presentation

A

An experimental procedure in which stimuli appear in a stream at one location at a rapid rate

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17
Q

Attentional blink

A

The difficulty in perceiving and responding to the second of 2 target stimuli amid a RSVP stream of distracting stimuli

Second target is often missed if it appears within 200 to 500ms of the first target

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18
Q

Findings of Green and Bavelier (2003)

A

Reported that people who play first person shooter video games have a reduced attentional blink
Suggests that visual attention performance can be improved with practice

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19
Q

3 ways responses of a cell could be changed by attention

A

Response enhancement
Sharper tuning
Altered tuning

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20
Q

Fusiform face area

A

An area in the fusiform gyrus of human extra striate cortex that responds preferentially to faces, according to FMRI studies

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21
Q

Parahippocampal place area

A

A region of cortex in the temporal lobe of humans that appears to respond strongly to images of places

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22
Q

Visual field defect

A

A portion of the visual field with no vision or with abnormal vision, typically resulting from damage to the visual nervous system

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23
Q

Pariteal lobe

A

In each cerebral hemisphere, a lobe that lies towards the top of the brain between the frontal and occipital lobes
Damage to this lobe can cause a visual field defect such that one side of the world is not attended to

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24
Q

Neglect in visual attention

A

The inability to attend o respond to stimuli in the contralesional visual field
Typically neglect of the left visual field after damage to the right

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25
Q

Contralesional field

A

The visual field on the side opposite a brain lesion

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26
Q

Ipsilesional field

A

the visual field on the same side as a brain lesion

27
Q

Extinction in visual attention

A

the inability to perceive a stimulus to one side of the point of fixation in the presence of another stimulus, typically in a comparable position in the other visual field

28
Q

pathways to scene perception

A

selective pathway - permits the recognition of one or very few objects at a time

Nonselective - contributes information about the distribution of features across a scene as well as information about the fist of the scene

29
Q

ensemble statistics

A

the average and distribution of properties such as orientation or colour, over a set of objects or region in a scene

30
Q

spatial layout

A

the description of the structure of a scene without reference to the identity of specific objects in the scene

31
Q

change blindness

A

the failure to notice a change between 2 scenes

if the change doesn’t alter the fist or meaning of the scene, quite large changes can pass unnoticed

32
Q

inattention blindness

A

A failure to notice or at east to report - a stimulus that would be easily reportable if were attended

33
Q

Definition of sound

A

Waves of changing pressure travelling through air

34
Q

Features of a pure tone

A

An amplitude - the maximum air pressure in each cycle

A frequency - the number of cycles of changing pressure per second

35
Q

What do natural sounds consist of

A

Pure tones of many frequencies added together

36
Q

What does increasing amplitude by 10 x cause loudness to increase to

A

approx 4 x

37
Q

What is the role of hair cells

A

They are mechanocreceptors that transduce vibration of the basilar membrane and send electrical signals to the brain through the auditory nerve

38
Q

Place coding of sound frequency in cochlea

A

Each part of the balsiliar membrane vibrates to a particular frequency

39
Q

What is perception of loudness based on

A

The firing rate of the hair cells

40
Q

What is the maximum range of frequencies which a person can hear

A

Approx 20 Hzto 20 kHz

41
Q

What is the fundamental frequency

A

the lowest frequency component of the sound

42
Q

White noise

A

Consists of all audible frequencies in equal amounts; used in masking

43
Q

3 physical dimensions of sound

A

frequency
amplitude
complexity

These determine what we hear (pitch, loudness and timbre)

44
Q

What do psychoacousticians study?

A

How listeners perceive pitch

45
Q

Explain the ambiguity and perceptual committees metaphor

A

metaphor for how perception works
committees must integrate conflicting opinions and reach a consensus
(many different principles in perception)

46
Q

What is an ambiguous figure?

A

A visual stimulus that gives rise to 2 or more interpretations of its identity or structure

47
Q

What is an accidental viewpoint?

A

Viewing position that produces some regularity in the visual image

48
Q

Gestalt figure ground assignment principles

A

Surroundedness

size

symmetry

parallelism

relative motion

49
Q

Spots and bars

A

Retinal ganglion cells and LGN - spots

Primary visual cortex - bars

50
Q

Figure and round assignment

A

=Process of determining that some regions of an image belong to a foreground object and other regions are part of the background

51
Q

Gestalt figure ground assignment principles

A

parallelism: regions with parallel contours tend to be seen as figure
Relative motion- if one region moves in front of another, then the closer region is the figure

52
Q

Dealing with occlusion- reliability

A

the degree to which 2 line segments appear to be part of the same contour

53
Q

Non accidental figure

A

A feature of an object that is not dependent on the exact viewing position of the observer

54
Q

Global and superiority effect

A

the properties of the whole object take precedence over the properties of parts of the objects

55
Q

The Bayesian approach

A

A formal mathematical system that combines information about the current stimulus with prior knowledge about the world

56
Q

Object recognition - subtraction method

A

comparing brain activity measured in 2 conditions: one with and one without the mental process of interest
the difference between the images may show the brain regions specifically activated by that mental process

57
Q

object recognition - decoding method

A

takes scans of a participant looking at many different images from various known cateofires
train a computer model to recognise brain activity from each category then test the computer model to see if it can identify an untrained image based on what is has learned

58
Q

deep neural network

A

a more modern version of selfirdges model

multi level neural networks that can be trained to recognise objects

59
Q

faces

A

an illustrative special case

face recognition seems to be special and different from object recognition

60
Q

prosopagnosia

A

an inability to recognise faces

61
Q

template theory

A

the proposal that the visual system recognises objects by matching the neural representation of the image with a shred representation of the same shape in the brain

62
Q

Structural description

A

A description of an object in terms of its parts and the relationship between those parts

63
Q

The pandemonium model

A

Oliver self ridge’s simple model of letter recognition - perceptual committee made up of demons
demons loosely represent neurons

Psychology 2B (6 decks)

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