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Psychology 2B > Language > Flashcards

Language Flashcards

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1
Q

Function of language

A

Communication, express of emotion, social interaction, play, control the environment, recording facts , expression and social identity

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2
Q

Symbolic

A

An element that bears no intrinsic resemblance to its reference

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3
Q

Iconic

A

An element that bears a resemblance to its reference

E.g Word icon looks a bit like a page with writing on

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4
Q

What is a symbol?

A

Something that refers to something else

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5
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

The smallest sound unit that distinguishes words

44 in English

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6
Q

What is productivity?

A

Combining existing elects in a novel way

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7
Q

What is recursion?

A

The repetition of a run or a structure in a hierarchical way
Moving words around to create a new meaning

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8
Q

Linguistic competence

A

Describes linguistic knowledge including rules and structures

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9
Q

What is parsing?

A

Determining the syntactic structure of a sentence
Important part of determining the meaning of an utterance
Studying ambiguous sentences can hel answer how parsing operates

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10
Q

Garden path sentences

A

Provide evidence for incremental comprehension of syntactic structure. They are sentences that leads to an interpretation that seems right to start with but turns out to be wrong

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11
Q

How do people make predictions?

A

Altmann and Kamine- people predict the kind of thing that will be mentioned
Prediction about conceptual category
Language comprehension may therefore involve language production

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12
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Rely strictly on the input

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13
Q

Top down processing

A

Uses information from higher levels when processing lower levels

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14
Q

What is an inference?

A

Any piece of information that is part of our situation model that is not explicit states

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15
Q

Logical inferences

A

Logically implied by meaning of words

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16
Q

Bridging inferences

A

Relate new information to old information

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17
Q

Elaborative inferences

A

Use word knowledge to extend what has been said

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18
Q

Types of bridging inferences

A

Anaphoric/referential inference
Instrumental
Causal

inference create implicit connections that make text coherent

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19
Q

Situation model

A

Mental representations of the state of affairs described as text
Not representations of the text itself
Based on our perceptual experience of the world
Situation models influence our interpretation of an unfolding sentence and our subsequent memory for it

20
Q

The iconicity assumption

A

Readers assume that described order matches the chronological order

21
Q

Semantic illusions

A

Failure to notice that the linguistic input simply doesn’t make sense
Semantic illusions provide evidence that incoming information may be interpreted incrementally but not always completely and accurately
Occur when people are exposed to them without warning

22
Q

the role of focus

A

Signals what is important in the discourse

Illusions are less likely in focused elements which are more likely to be processed deeply

23
Q

What is bilingualism?

A

The use of 2 amuses in ones everyday life

24
Q

L1

A

First language learnt

25
Q

L2

A

Second language someones learnt

26
Q

Simultaneous bilingualism

A

L1 and L2 from early childhood exposed to both languages early in an overlapping ways

27
Q

Easy sequential bilingualism

A

L1 first then L2 from early childhood

By the time reached puberty, have both in place

28
Q

Late bilingualism

A

L1 first, L2 later in life

29
Q

Aphasia

A

Language disorder due to brain damage - affects communicate on but not intellect

30
Q

Broca

A

Patient who could only say tan though etc ould understand language normally
Lesion in front and on the left side of the brain

31
Q

Wernicke

A

Patients who could speak but whose sentences didn’t make sense and who had difficulty understanding language
Lesions in temporal lobe

32
Q

Rule for a noun phrase

A

Determiner + Objective + noun

33
Q

Rule for a sentence

A

Noun phrase plus verb phrase

34
Q

What is a morpheme?

A

Smallest language unit that has a definable meaning

35
Q

Top down - word superiority effect

A

People are faster to recognise a letter when it is part of a word than a non word

36
Q

The role of context

A

Context gives a frame for understanding

37
Q

What does top down influence?

A

Have a profound influence on how we understand and encode language and so on memory

Enables incremental and anticipatory processing

38
Q

Measure of comprehension: Eye tracking during reading

A

Recording how long the eyes fixate a particular word or phrase - flow down at difficult words

Good ecological vanity but complex t set up and doesn’t distinguish between types of processing problems

39
Q

Method of comprehension: event related potentials

A

Electrical brain activity recorded with scalp electrodes

High temporal resolution
Can be informative about type of process involved

Resource intensive, not ecologically valid (have to sit really still)

40
Q

Anticipatory eye movements

A

Evidence suggests that comprehenders do anticipate upcoming input

41
Q

Define inference

A

Any piece of information that is part of our situation model that is not explicitly stated

42
Q

Semantic illusions

A

Failure to notice that the linguistic input simply doesn’t make sense

Occurs when people are exposed to them without warning

43
Q

Why might people fall prey to the Moses illusion?

A

We process the input somewhere shallowly

44
Q

Why might people sometimes misinterpret sentences such as the dog was chased by the cat?

A

This is a passive sentence

If people rely on word order under the idea the subject comes before object, they will get confused

45
Q

Situation models

A

reflect the ongoing events described in text, rather than the text itself
dynamic

Psychology 2B (6 decks)

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