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Psychology 2B > Cognitive neuroscience > Flashcards

Cognitive neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism

A

change of matter
different substances change one into another
change in a way to seek balance

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2
Q

Membranes

A

2 lipid layers
border between the cell and outside world
Interspersed with protein models: transport signalling

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3
Q

Microtubules

A

Part of cell along which proteins can move with a different signal

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4
Q

Cambrain revolution

A

Muti cell organism eruption
This point is where response to stimuli begins
Different cells start specialising

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5
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

2 ways in which neurons can communicate
Gap junction
Chemical synapses (energy intensive)

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6
Q

Myelin

A

Around the axon which isolates so that the action potential is jumping rather than moving continuously
Faster impulse transmission over large distances
Characteristic of vertebrae

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

Important for coordination of movement

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8
Q

The 3 brains theory

A

Reptilian brain = brain stems
Limbic system
Neocortex

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9
Q

Ontogeny

A

Development of a cell

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10
Q

Phylogeny

A

Development of the whole organism

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11
Q

Embryology

A

Development of the embryo

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12
Q

Stem cells

A

A cell which can become anything

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13
Q

Stem cell research

A

Take cells before they specialise and introduce them into parts of the brain and take on the normal role of that location

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14
Q

Pluripotent

A

Cell than can become anting (pre specialisation)

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15
Q

Sodium and potassium concentrations

A

Na is outside the cell

K inside the cell

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16
Q

Which cells are more efficient out of gap junctions and chemical synapses

A

chemical

17
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Substances that o around at the synapses and produce activation in the cell they are sent to

18
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A 
Cell nucleus 
Mitochondria 
Lysosomes 
Golgi apparatus 
Chloroplasts 
Microtubules
19
Q

Advantages of chemical synapses

A

Summation
Collateral activation and inhibition
Pre synaptic: positive and negative feedback
Post synaptic: potentiation and inhibition
Modulation

20
Q

White versus grey matter

A

myeline/connections - white

nerve cells - grey

substances like glutamate are involved in direction connections between different cortical cells

21
Q

the appearance of land animals

A

Gradual move: fresh water, swamp, land

Development of organs:
swim bladder - lungs - fills - middle ears- development of 4 limbs

22
Q

Parts of the cerebellum

A

Archicerebellum
Paleocerebellum
Neocerebellum

23
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Challenging the divide between action and perception
offering explanations for complex phenomena
Typically human
Main function is imitation

24
Q

Methods of cognitive neuroscience

A

observation of brain lesions
linking the deficits to the pathology
Single cell recordings
producing deficit in animal experiments

25
Q

Franz Josef Gall and the phrenology

A
  1. Human mental capacity consists of different separable unctions
  2. the functions can be localised in specific parts of the brain
  3. the use of a function increases the size of specific brain region
  4. the growth of a brain region leads to development of detectable lumps in the skull
26
Q

Advantages of functional neuroimaging

A

in vivo study of brain function in normal controls
can give us a picture of the brain in action
tasks can be controlled for
easy to visualise

27
Q

disadvantages of neuroimaging

A 
indirect measure of activity 
activation and inhibition 
non ecological conditions 
demonstrates that part of the brain are involved but not essenetial for a function 
inactive baseline assumption
28
Q

which organelle has its own genetic material independent from that of the nucleus

A

mitochondria

29
Q

What was the main principle in the evolution of organisms

A

specialisation

30
Q

What is the main advantage of chemical synapses over gap junctions?

A

Chemical synapses allow for modulation

31
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

gaba

32
Q

What part of the brain is not part of the motor system?

A

thalamus

33
Q

anterior

A

front

34
Q

posterior

A

back

35
Q

aphasia

A

loss of ability to speak

36
Q

dysarthria

A

slurred/ slowed speech
peripheral problem in the brain
language is not impaired

37
Q

wilson’s disease

A

Particularly effects basal anglia
genetic
similar to parkinson’s
Automaticity of movement, particularly cell generated movement is disruption

Psychology 2B (6 decks)

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