Cognitive neuroscience Flashcards
Metabolism
change of matter
different substances change one into another
change in a way to seek balance
Membranes
2 lipid layers
border between the cell and outside world
Interspersed with protein models: transport signalling
Microtubules
Part of cell along which proteins can move with a different signal
Cambrain revolution
Muti cell organism eruption
This point is where response to stimuli begins
Different cells start specialising
Synaptic transmission
2 ways in which neurons can communicate
Gap junction
Chemical synapses (energy intensive)
Myelin
Around the axon which isolates so that the action potential is jumping rather than moving continuously
Faster impulse transmission over large distances
Characteristic of vertebrae
Cerebellum
Important for coordination of movement
The 3 brains theory
Reptilian brain = brain stems
Limbic system
Neocortex
Ontogeny
Development of a cell
Phylogeny
Development of the whole organism
Embryology
Development of the embryo
Stem cells
A cell which can become anything
Stem cell research
Take cells before they specialise and introduce them into parts of the brain and take on the normal role of that location
Pluripotent
Cell than can become anting (pre specialisation)
Sodium and potassium concentrations
Na is outside the cell
K inside the cell
Which cells are more efficient out of gap junctions and chemical synapses
chemical
Neurotransmitters
Substances that o around at the synapses and produce activation in the cell they are sent to
Eukaryotic cell
Cell nucleus Mitochondria Lysosomes Golgi apparatus Chloroplasts Microtubules
Advantages of chemical synapses
Summation
Collateral activation and inhibition
Pre synaptic: positive and negative feedback
Post synaptic: potentiation and inhibition
Modulation
White versus grey matter
myeline/connections - white
nerve cells - grey
substances like glutamate are involved in direction connections between different cortical cells
the appearance of land animals
Gradual move: fresh water, swamp, land
Development of organs:
swim bladder - lungs - fills - middle ears- development of 4 limbs
Parts of the cerebellum
Archicerebellum
Paleocerebellum
Neocerebellum
Mirror neurons
Challenging the divide between action and perception
offering explanations for complex phenomena
Typically human
Main function is imitation
Methods of cognitive neuroscience
observation of brain lesions
linking the deficits to the pathology
Single cell recordings
producing deficit in animal experiments
Franz Josef Gall and the phrenology
- Human mental capacity consists of different separable unctions
- the functions can be localised in specific parts of the brain
- the use of a function increases the size of specific brain region
- the growth of a brain region leads to development of detectable lumps in the skull
Advantages of functional neuroimaging
in vivo study of brain function in normal controls
can give us a picture of the brain in action
tasks can be controlled for
easy to visualise
disadvantages of neuroimaging
indirect measure of activity activation and inhibition non ecological conditions demonstrates that part of the brain are involved but not essenetial for a function inactive baseline assumption
which organelle has its own genetic material independent from that of the nucleus
mitochondria
What was the main principle in the evolution of organisms
specialisation
What is the main advantage of chemical synapses over gap junctions?
Chemical synapses allow for modulation
What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?
gaba
What part of the brain is not part of the motor system?
thalamus
anterior
front
posterior
back
aphasia
loss of ability to speak
dysarthria
slurred/ slowed speech
peripheral problem in the brain
language is not impaired
wilson’s disease
Particularly effects basal anglia
genetic
similar to parkinson’s
Automaticity of movement, particularly cell generated movement is disruption
