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PS2001 > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Describe rationalism.

A

Some propositions are knowable by intuition, and others knowable by deduction through intuition.

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2
Q

Describe empiricism.

A

We have no source of knowledge other than sense experience.

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3
Q

What essential concept was introduced by Alhazen?

A

Critical evaluation.

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4
Q

Describe metamers.

A

Stimuli that are physically different but perceived to be identical.

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5
Q

Describe the central idea in colour vision theory.

A

The trichromacy of colour mixing is due to the fact that we have 3 types of photoreceptor.

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6
Q

How are so many different colours gauged using only 3 light detectors?

A

Colours are represented by the amplitude of responses.

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7
Q

What is understood from L+M opponent processing?

A

Luminance (black/white).

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8
Q

What is understood from L-M opponent processing?

A

The red/green channel.

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9
Q

What is understood from S - (L+M) opponent processing?

A

The blue/yellow channel.

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10
Q

What are 2 potential reasons trichromacy evolved in primates?

A

For frugivory and identifying edible foliage.

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11
Q

What is motion parallax?

A

Depth from motion.

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12
Q

Describe saccadic suppression.

A

Reduction of visual sensitivity when one makes a saccadic eye movement.

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13
Q

Describe the role of the “comparator” in seeing movement.

A

It receives an “efferent copy” of orders to move the eyes, so it can compensate for eye movement in discriminating motion.

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14
Q

What is akinetopsia?

A

No perception of motion.

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15
Q

What are 3 ways the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis claim language influences thought?

A

Primes, constrains and alters.

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16
Q

What are the “unique hues” in opponent processing?

A

Red vs. Green and Blue vs. Yellow.

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17
Q

Describe motion aftereffect.

A

The illusion of a stationary object after long exposure to a moving object.

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18
Q

What is interoccular transfer?

A

The transfer of an effect from one eye to the other.

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19
Q

Define psychophysics.

A

The scientific study of the relationship between physical stimuli and psychological effects.

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20
Q

In psychophysics, what is a threshold?

A

The minimum stimulus intensity for a person to exceed some performance level.

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21
Q

Summarise Weber’s Law.

A

The just noticeable difference is a fixed percentage of the stimulus level.

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22
Q

What are the 4 types of answers used to characterise detection performance?

A

Hit, miss, false alarm and correct reject.

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23
Q

Describe the volley principle.

A

Multiple neurons can provide a temporal code for frequency if they have staggered firing rates.

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24
Q

What is azimuth?

A

The direction of sound, determined using ILD bad ITD.

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25
Q

What are cones of confusion?

A

Regions in space where all sounds produce the same time and intensity differences.

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26
Q

What is inverse-square law?

A

Decrease in intensity is distance squared.

27
Q

Describe how spectral composition of sounds helps people identify their distance.

A

Higher frequencies decrease in energy more than lower frequencies as sound waves travel from source to one ear.

28
Q

What is auditory stream segregation?

A

Perceptual organisation of a complex acoustic signal into separate auditory events for which each stream is heard as a separate event.

29
Q

Which mechanoreceptors respond best to steady, downward pressure, fine spatial details and low frequency vibrations?

A

Slow Adapting I

30
Q

Which mechanoreceptors respond best to sustained pressures and particular skin stretch?

A

Slow Adapting II

31
Q

Which mechanoreceptors respond best to vibrations between 5 - 50 Hz?

A

Fast Adapting I

32
Q

Which mechanoreceptors respond best to vibrations between 50 - 700 Hz?

A

Fast Adapting II

33
Q

Which reflexes are out of conscious control?

A

Monosynaptic

34
Q

Which reflexes can be consciously moderated?

A

Polyaynaptic

35
Q

What stimulates A - delta fibre nocioreceptors?

A

Strong pressure or heat.

36
Q

What stimulates C fibre nocioreceptors?

A

Intense stimulation: pressure, heat, cold, chemicals.

37
Q

What type of pain is associated with A - delta nocioreceptors?

A

Quick, shallow pain.

38
Q

What type of pain is associated with C fibre nocioreceptors?

A

Throbbing pain.

39
Q

Which type of nocioreceptors are myelinated?

A

A - delta fibres.

40
Q

What are some problems with shape theory of odours?

A

Scientists are bad at predicting smell from structure of molecules, rats can smell differences between isotopes and sometimes altering shape doesn’t alter smell.

41
Q

How do we recognise so many smells with only 300 receptor types?

A

They generate a pattern of activation in the cortex, which we learn to associate with a smell.

42
Q

What did Sobel et al. find regarding ‘blind smell’?

A

There was brain activation to smells not noticeable to participants.

43
Q

Why does the VNO appear not to function in humans?

A

It is just pseudogenes and degenerate structures in humans.

44
Q

How do you become anosmic?

A

The cribiform plate is pushed backwards and all OSN axons are sheared.

45
Q

What is retronasal flow?

A

How olfactory molecules from the mouth are brought to the nasal cavity.

46
Q

What is orthonasal olfaction?

A

Smells coming from the front.

47
Q

What is retronasal olfaction?

A

Smells coming from the mouth behind the palate (responsible for taste).

48
Q

Which basic tastes require G-coupled proteins to be sensed?

A

Sweet and bitter compounds.

49
Q

Describe the labelled lines theory of taste coding.

A

Each taste fibre carries a particular taste quality.

50
Q

Describe a second theory of taste coding.

A

There are patterns of activity across many different taste neurons.

51
Q

Where in the mouth is stimulated by fat molecules?

A

The trigeminal nerve.

52
Q

Why do we need gain control?

A

Neurons have to code things hat have large dynamic ranges.

53
Q

How does contrast gain control work?

A

Neuronal inputs are divided by the sum of the local average response.

54
Q

What are 4 signatures of cortical gain control?

A

Long range, tuning, slowness and complex features.

55
Q

How does the Nachmia and Sansbury’s ‘dipper function’ not follow Weber’s law?

A

As contrasted decreases, people get better at detecting difference before they get worse.

56
Q

What is p-value hacking?

A

Adjusting variables until there is a significant result.

57
Q

What is the Texas Sharpshooter Fallacy?

A

Defining success after getting the results.

58
Q

What is the file drawer problem?

A

When ‘bad’ data is not included in a study.

59
Q

What is a problem with doing multiple comparisons (and tests)?

A

One result is significant by chance.

60
Q

Describe a psychometric curve.

A

It characterises the relationship between a physical stimulus parameter and the probability of detecting the stimulus.

61
Q

The firing rate of cells to code low frequency tones is (faster/slower) than high frequency tones.

A

Slower.

62
Q

Give 3 attributes that all touch receptors have.

A

Type of stimulation it responds to, size of receptive field and rate of adaptation.

63
Q

How is information about taste sent to the brain?

A

Via cranial nerves.

PS2001 (4 decks)

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