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PS2001 > Behavioural Neuro > Flashcards

Behavioural Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Who created a map of localised brain functions, which turned out to be wrong but fundamentally a good idea?

A

Franz Joseph Gall

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2
Q

What is phrenology?

A

Psychological functions being localised to different areas of the cortex.

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3
Q

Describe Karl Lashley’s “mass action” hypothesis.

A

The size of a brain lesion defines the deficit.

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4
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of myelin sheaths.

A

Reduces action potential size and requires them to be regenerated periodically.

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5
Q

Which type of glial cell produces myelin?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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6
Q

Which type of glial cell provides energy as lactate, sometimes storing it as glycogen?

A

Astrocytes

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7
Q

Which type of glial cell removes dead tissue and infection?

A

Microglia

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8
Q

What is a chemical way to measure communication between neurons?

A

Microdialysis

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9
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of EEGs for neurophysiological recording.

A

Low spatial resolution and they only record from the cortex.

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10
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of multi-cell recording for neurophysiological recording.

A

It only records groups of neurons and is invasive.

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11
Q

Give 2 advantages of single cell recording for neurophysiological recording.

A

Very high spatial resolution and high temporal resolution.

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12
Q

Give and advantage and disadvantage of intracellular approaches to neurophysiological recording.

A

Allows examination of sub-cellular processes, but can only be done on one cell at a time.

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13
Q

Which type of post-synaptic receptor transmits information quickest?

A

Ionotropic

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14
Q

Which hypothesis suggests synapses all have equal weighting in making a neuron fire?

A

Point neuron hypothesis.

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15
Q

Describe an agonist.

A

A drug that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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16
Q

Describe an antagonist.

A

A drug that inhibits the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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17
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

In the brain and muscles.

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18
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

The brain.

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19
Q

Which brain functions is the dorsolateral pond often linked to?

A

Sleep and learning.

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20
Q

Name a brain area which is often badly damaged due to Alzheimer’s disease, causing a decrease in ACh.

A

Basal forebrain.

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21
Q

What does a lesion to the medial septum cause?

A

Loss of LFP rhythm in the hippocampus.

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22
Q

After a task is well learned, dopamine neurons respond respond to the primary/secondary reinforcer.

A

Secondary

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23
Q

What is the name for the activation of various neurotransmitter systems having a large impact on the rest of the brain?

A

Neuromodulation.

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24
Q

Describe the main physiological characteristic of slow wave sleep.

A

Delta activity.

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25
Q

What activity during R.E.M. Sleep shows EEG desynchrony?

A

Theta and beta activity.

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26
Q

EEG synchrony, moderate muscle tone and absence of eye movements are characteristics of which stage of sleep?

A

Slow wave sleep.

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27
Q

Which sleep disorder causes sufferers to stop breathing during sleep, potentially causing brain damage?

A

Sleep apnea.

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28
Q

Which sleep disorder causes sufferers to suddenly fall asleep while doing another activity?

A

Narcolepsy.

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29
Q

Which sleep disorder causes a brief conscious paralysis?

A

Cataplexy.

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30
Q

Which sleep disorder causes sufferers to act out their dreams?

A

REM sleep disorder.

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31
Q

Briefly describe the mutual inhibitory system controlling arousal.

A

The sleep promoting region in the VLPA and the brain and forebrain arousal systems.

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32
Q

Which neurons in the lateral hypothalamus activate arousal systems?

A

Orexinergic neurons.

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33
Q

Which cells are described as R.E.M.-on cells?

A

Acetylcholine.

34
Q

Which sleep disorder is caused by an inability to produce K complexes, meaning sufferers get no slow wave sleep?

A

Fatal familia insomnia.

35
Q

Flow of cerebrospinal fluid is (increased/decreased) during sleep.

A

Increased

36
Q

Declarative memories are improved by (R.E.M./SWS) sleep.

A

SWS

37
Q

Non-declarative memories are improved by (R.E.M./SWS) sleep.

A

R.E.M.

38
Q

Describe a possible mechanism for consolidation of memories during sleep.

A

The replay of a sequence of place cells.

39
Q

Which neurons have an internal mechanism to track time, and help control the timing of sleep?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons.

40
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Loss of dopamine neurons from the midbrain.

41
Q

Describe 4 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

A

Muscle rigidity, akinesua, bradykinesia and resting tremor.

42
Q

Festive Lewy bodies.

A

Accumulated unused proteins clogging up the cytoplasm of cells, suggesting neurodegeneration.

43
Q

What is a side effect of the drug L-Dopa?

A

Tardive dyskinesia, or uncontrolled movements.

44
Q

Describe 4 cognitive deficits seen in late stage Alzheimer’s disease.

A

Memory, attention, language and spatial orientation.

45
Q

What accumulates in extra cellular plaques in the cortex during Alzheimer’s disease?

A

Beta-amyloid peptide (AB).

46
Q

What causes Huntington’s disease?

A

A hereditary gene on chromosome 4 that causes production of the protein huntingtin (htt), with a segment of repeated glutamine.

47
Q

Give the formal name for motor neuron disease.

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

48
Q

Where does the damage occur in multiple sclerosis?

A

The white matter in the brain and in the spinal cord.

49
Q

What damage occurs in multiple sclerosis?

A

Demyelination.

50
Q

What causes a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

A burst blood vessel.

51
Q

What causes an obstructive stroke?

A

A blocked blood vessel.

52
Q

Describe priming.

A

The improvement in identifying/processing a stimulus because it has been presented previously.

53
Q

Describe sensitisation.

A

Increase in response to a stimulus through repeated exposure.

54
Q

What elements of episodic memory do rats demonstrate, and which area is response for this?

A

‘What, where and which’ - the hippocampus.

55
Q

Define spatial memory.

A

A map like cognitive representation of familiar spatial locations.

56
Q

Define navigation.

A

Mechanisms that enable us to find our way around familiar and unfamiliar environments.

57
Q

Which area of the rat Brian becomes more active during accurate navigation?

A

The right hippocampus.

58
Q

The posterior hippocampus is (larger/smaller) in people with lots of navigational experience.

A

Larger.

59
Q

What cells in the medial entorhinal cortex help us understand distance, speed and navigation without landmarks?

A

Grid cells.

60
Q

Describe allocentric memory.

A

The hippocampus network keeps track of spatial location relative to landmarks.

61
Q

How was schizophrenia treated before drug therapies?

A

Insulin coma, shock therapy and frontal lobotomy.

62
Q

Which brain abnormality often coincides with the onset of schizophrenia?

A

Dramatic loss of cortical gray matter in adolescence.

63
Q

Describe hypofrontality.

A

Decreased activity in the dorsolateral frontal cortex, associated with negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

64
Q

Short alleles for the serotonin transporter only increases risk of depression in combination with what?

A

Having suffered stressful life events.

65
Q

Describe extinction of a conditioned fear.

A

The cue is presented many times without the aversive stimuli, so the individual learns not to be scared.

66
Q

Describe cognitive regulation of a conditioned fear.

A

Activity in the amygdala is decreased by increasing activation in the VM -‘and DL prefrontal cortex.

67
Q

Describe blocking the reconsolidation of a conditioned fear.

A

When a previously consolidated memory is recalled, LTP is blocked by blocking protein synthesis and the memory is erased.

68
Q

Damage to the flocculonodular lobe or vermis of the cerebellum produces what effect?

A

Postural and balance problems.

69
Q

Damage to the intermediate zone of the cerebellum produces what effect?

A

Limb rigidity.

70
Q

Damage to the lateral zone of the cerebellum produces what effect?

A

Weakness and decomposition of movement and cerebellar ataxia.

71
Q

Where are mirror neurons found?

A

The ventral premotor cortex and inferior temporal lobe.

72
Q

Describe limb apraxia.

A

Inappropriate movement of limbs, especially to verbal commands.

73
Q

Describe constructional apraxia.

A

Inability to perceive and imagine geometric relations.

74
Q

Describe phenomenal consciousness.

A

A rich detailed perception of everything we experience.

75
Q

Describe access consciousness.

A

The information that we can access through cognitive processes.

76
Q

What does change blindness suggest about consciousness?

A

Obviously different items are consciously processed but subtly different items are not.

77
Q

What 3 systems are associated with acetylcholine?

A

Dorsolateral pons, basal forebrain and medial septum.

78
Q

What 3 systems are associated with the dopamine system?

A

Nigrostriatal, mesolimbic and mesocortical.

79
Q

Where is the most important noradrenergic system?

A

Locus coeruleus.

80
Q

Where does the most important serotinergic system originate?

A

Raphe nuclei of the midbrain and pons.

81
Q

What is the path integration?

A

Info on speed and how far has been travelled (from grid cells).

PS2001 (4 decks)

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