Clinical Flashcards

1
Q

What is psychopathology?

A

The study of the nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders.

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2
Q

Describe the DSM-5’s cultural concept of distress.

A

The way cultural groups experience, understand and communicate suffering, behavioural problems or troubling thoughts and emotions.

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3
Q

Define maladaptive behaviour.

A

Behaviours that renders prepped incapable of adapting to normal daily living.

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4
Q

Describe Wakefield’s dysfunction.

A

Impairment in evolutionary former mental functions.

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5
Q

Give 4 characteristics of mental disorders.

A

Personal distress, disability, violation of social norms and dysfunction.

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6
Q

What is included in the DSM-5.

A

Essential features of the disorder, associated features, diagnostic criteria and info on differential diagnosis.

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7
Q

Give the DSM-5 definition of psychopathology.

A

Clinically significant behavioural/psychological pattern, associated with present distress or disability and increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability or loss of freedom.

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8
Q

Give 3 major contributions of psychoanalysis.

A

Discovery of the unconscious, the effect of childhood on schemes of interaction and that repression of emotions causes suffering.

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9
Q

Give 3 problems with using punishment to condition.

A

Behaviour is just suppressed, it can cause aggression and it tells you what not to do, rather than guiding behaviour.

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10
Q

What is the main assumption of Rational Emotive Therapy.

A

Serious problems result from irrational beliefs, dysfunctional thinking and information processing biases.

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11
Q

How do humanistic and existential approaches attempt to resolve psychopathology?

A

Through insight, personal development and self-actualisation.

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12
Q

According to Carl Rogers, what is a fully functioning person?

A

Someone who lives in harmony with their deepest feelings and impulses.

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13
Q

What does Carl Rogers mean by incongruence?

A

Feelings of depression when we do not live the life we are capable of/destined to live.

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14
Q

What does rational emotive therapy encourage people to accept?

A

The self, others and life.

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15
Q

Give 2 problems about clinical interviews.

A

Clients may not report full information due to poor self-awareness and clinicians have biases with conclusions.

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16
Q

What do specific inventories measure?

A

Functioning in one specific area of psychopathology.

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17
Q

What is one advantage and one disadvantage of the o Advtange pen-endedness of projective tests?

A

Advantage: More valid, disadvantage: Less reliable.

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18
Q

Why are intelligent tests used by clinicians?

A

To diagnose intellectual and learning disabilities, to assess needs and as part of many tests to measure neurological impairment.

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19
Q

Give 3 problems with IQ tests.

A

Intelligence is hypothetical (and narrow?), many are culturally biased, and they do not measure capacity to learn.

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20
Q

What do ABC charts of behaviour measure?

A

Antecedents, behaviour itself and consequences.

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21
Q

What is self observation/monitoring with a diary often called?

A

Ecological momentary assessment.

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22
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of correlations cross section design?

A

It does not imply causality and does not show directionality.

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23
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

Study of the distribution of disorders in a population and possible correlates.

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24
Q

What are analogue experiments?

A

Examining related or similar behaviours to what you want to study.

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25
What 3 features of a disorder are studied in epidemiology?
Prevalence, incidence and risk factors.
26
Give 4 advantages of qualitative methods.
Allows expression of things that cannot be expressed numerically, in-depth, allows discovery of things research wasn’t looking for and provides useful info at outset of research.
27
What 2 issues are problematic for getting informed consent?
When individual’s understanding of consent is limited and when a study involves deception.
28
Give the difference between bipolar disorder I and II.
Bipolar I is more common and is associated with periods of severe mania, whereas bipolar II only stretches to hypomania.
29
Give 4 types of delusions present in schizoaffective disorders.
Of grandeur, persecution, control and reference.
30
Which neurotransmitters are at low levels in depression?
Serotonin and norepinephrine/noradrenaline.
31
What could permanent release of cortisol during depression cause?
Atrophic changes of the brain.
32
Which factors can people wrongly attribute negative events to?
Internal, stable and global.
33
What is the main drug treatment for bipolar disorder?
Lithium carbonate.
34
What is that main assumption of social skills training?
That depression results from inability to communicate and socialise appropriately.
35
What is ‘flight of ideas’ in schizophrenia?
Deficits in organising thoughts coherently it connecting them logically.
36
What is schizophasia?
Disorganised speech due to deficits in organising thoughts and executive functioning.
37
What is stereotypy?
Repetitively showing the same motor behaviour.
38
What is catatonia?
When an individual becomes withdrawn from the external world and inactive for long periods.
39
What is affective flattening?
Having a limited range and intensity of emotional expression.
40
What is anhedonia?
An inability to react io enjoyable or pleasurable events.
41
What is avolition?
Inability or unwillingness to cart out or complete normal day-to-day goal-oriented activities.
42
What is asociality?
Withdrawal into an inner world and reduced emotional involvement with others.
43
Give 4 traits of the schizophrenogenic mother.
Cold, rejecting, dominant and distant.
44
Describe social breakdown syndrome.
Confrontational and challenging behaviour, aggressiveness and lack of interest in personal welfare and hygiene.
45
Give 3 problems with conditioning accounts of phobias.
Many people cannot recall a traumatic event, not all traumatic conditioning experiences cause a phobia and phobias only develop in relation to certain stimuli and events.
46
Give 2 successful exposure therapies for phobias.
Systematic desensitisation and flooding.
47
What is an end of therapy and relapse prophylaxis?
A written report and suggestions of behavioural strategies for the future.
48
What is lanugo?
Soft, downy hair that develops on the body in anorexia.
49
When is the typical onset of bulimia nervosa?
Late adolescence or early adulthood.
50
Why is the lateral hypothalamus believed to have a role in anorexia nervosa?
Lesioning it leads to self-starvation.
51
Why might endogenous opioids act as a positive reinforcer in anorexia nervosa?
They counter pain during starvation and create a feeling of euphoria.
52
What is alexithymia?
Inability to recognise your own feelings.
53
What are 4 types of treatment for eating disorders?
Pharmacological treatments, family therapy prevention programmes and CBT.
54
Antidepressants are (more/less) successful at treating bulimia than anorexia.
More.
55
What is subdural hematoma and one way it is treated?
It is intercranial bleeding, treated with trepanation of the skull.
56
Which type of tumours are associated with excess growth hormone?
Pituitary tumours.
57
What is acromegaly?
Excessive growth of e.g. hands.
58
What is akinesis?
Slowness of movement.
59
What is dysarthria a symptom of and what is it?
Huntington’s disease: difficult/unclear articulating if otherwise normal speech.
60
What is alexia without agraphia?
The ability to write on command but not be able to read it.
61
What is associative agnosia?
Inability to recognise objects despite being able to perceive them.
62
What do psychoanalysts believe is the reason for maladaptive behaviours?
The unconscious trying to conceal painful thoughts.