Clinical

Question 1

What is psychopathology?

Answer 1

The study of the nature, development and treatment of psychological disorders.

Question 2

Describe the DSM-5’s cultural concept of distress.

Answer 2

The way cultural groups experience, understand and communicate suffering, behavioural problems or troubling thoughts and emotions.

Question 3

Define maladaptive behaviour.

Answer 3

Behaviours that renders prepped incapable of adapting to normal daily living.

Question 4

Describe Wakefield’s dysfunction.

Answer 4

Impairment in evolutionary former mental functions.

Question 5

Give 4 characteristics of mental disorders.

Answer 5

Personal distress, disability, violation of social norms and dysfunction.

Question 6

What is included in the DSM-5.

Answer 6

Essential features of the disorder, associated features, diagnostic criteria and info on differential diagnosis.

Question 7

Give the DSM-5 definition of psychopathology.

Answer 7

Clinically significant behavioural/psychological pattern, associated with present distress or disability and increased risk of suffering death, pain, disability or loss of freedom.

Question 8

Give 3 major contributions of psychoanalysis.

Answer 8

Discovery of the unconscious, the effect of childhood on schemes of interaction and that repression of emotions causes suffering.

Question 9

Give 3 problems with using punishment to condition.

Answer 9

Behaviour is just suppressed, it can cause aggression and it tells you what not to do, rather than guiding behaviour.

Question 10

What is the main assumption of Rational Emotive Therapy.

Answer 10

Serious problems result from irrational beliefs, dysfunctional thinking and information processing biases.

Question 11

How do humanistic and existential approaches attempt to resolve psychopathology?

Answer 11

Through insight, personal development and self-actualisation.

Question 12

According to Carl Rogers, what is a fully functioning person?

Answer 12

Someone who lives in harmony with their deepest feelings and impulses.

Question 13

What does Carl Rogers mean by incongruence?

Answer 13

Feelings of depression when we do not live the life we are capable of/destined to live.

Question 14

What does rational emotive therapy encourage people to accept?

Answer 14

The self, others and life.

Question 15

Give 2 problems about clinical interviews.

Answer 15

Clients may not report full information due to poor self-awareness and clinicians have biases with conclusions.

Question 16

What do specific inventories measure?

Answer 16

Functioning in one specific area of psychopathology.

Question 17

What is one advantage and one disadvantage of the o Advtange pen-endedness of projective tests?

Answer 17

Advantage: More valid, disadvantage: Less reliable.

Question 18

Why are intelligent tests used by clinicians?

Answer 18

To diagnose intellectual and learning disabilities, to assess needs and as part of many tests to measure neurological impairment.

Question 19

Give 3 problems with IQ tests.

Answer 19

Intelligence is hypothetical (and narrow?), many are culturally biased, and they do not measure capacity to learn.

Question 20

What do ABC charts of behaviour measure?

Answer 20

Antecedents, behaviour itself and consequences.

Question 21

What is self observation/monitoring with a diary often called?

Answer 21

Ecological momentary assessment.

Question 22

What are 2 disadvantages of correlations cross section design?

Answer 22

It does not imply causality and does not show directionality.

Question 23

What is epidemiology?

Answer 23

Study of the distribution of disorders in a population and possible correlates.

Question 24

What are analogue experiments?

Answer 24

Examining related or similar behaviours to what you want to study.

Question 25

What 3 features of a disorder are studied in epidemiology?

Answer 25

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors.

Question 26

Give 4 advantages of qualitative methods.

Answer 26

Allows expression of things that cannot be expressed numerically, in-depth, allows discovery of things research wasn’t looking for and provides useful info at outset of research.

Question 27

What 2 issues are problematic for getting informed consent?

Answer 27

When individual’s understanding of consent is limited and when a study involves deception.

Question 28

Give the difference between bipolar disorder I and II.

Answer 28

Bipolar I is more common and is associated with periods of severe mania, whereas bipolar II only stretches to hypomania.

Question 29

Give 4 types of delusions present in schizoaffective disorders.

Answer 29

Of grandeur, persecution, control and reference.

Question 30

Which neurotransmitters are at low levels in depression?

Answer 30

Serotonin and norepinephrine/noradrenaline.

Question 31

What could permanent release of cortisol during depression cause?

Answer 31

Atrophic changes of the brain.

Question 32

Which factors can people wrongly attribute negative events to?

Answer 32

Internal, stable and global.

Question 33

What is the main drug treatment for bipolar disorder?

Answer 33

Lithium carbonate.

Question 34

What is that main assumption of social skills training?

Answer 34

That depression results from inability to communicate and socialise appropriately.

Question 35

What is ‘flight of ideas’ in schizophrenia?

Answer 35

Deficits in organising thoughts coherently it connecting them logically.

Question 36

What is schizophasia?

Answer 36

Disorganised speech due to deficits in organising thoughts and executive functioning.

Question 37

What is stereotypy?

Answer 37

Repetitively showing the same motor behaviour.

Question 38

What is catatonia?

Answer 38

When an individual becomes withdrawn from the external world and inactive for long periods.

Question 39

What is affective flattening?

Answer 39

Having a limited range and intensity of emotional expression.

Question 40

What is anhedonia?

Answer 40

An inability to react io enjoyable or pleasurable events.

Question 41

What is avolition?

Answer 41

Inability or unwillingness to cart out or complete normal day-to-day goal-oriented activities.

Question 42

What is asociality?

Answer 42

Withdrawal into an inner world and reduced emotional involvement with others.

Question 43

Give 4 traits of the schizophrenogenic mother.

Answer 43

Cold, rejecting, dominant and distant.

Question 44

Describe social breakdown syndrome.

Answer 44

Confrontational and challenging behaviour, aggressiveness and lack of interest in personal welfare and hygiene.

Question 45

Give 3 problems with conditioning accounts of phobias.

Answer 45

Many people cannot recall a traumatic event, not all traumatic conditioning experiences cause a phobia and phobias only develop in relation to certain stimuli and events.

Question 46

Give 2 successful exposure therapies for phobias.

Answer 46

Systematic desensitisation and flooding.

Question 47

What is an end of therapy and relapse prophylaxis?

Answer 47

A written report and suggestions of behavioural strategies for the future.

Question 48

What is lanugo?

Answer 48

Soft, downy hair that develops on the body in anorexia.

Question 49

When is the typical onset of bulimia nervosa?

Answer 49

Late adolescence or early adulthood.

Question 50

Why is the lateral hypothalamus believed to have a role in anorexia nervosa?

Answer 50

Lesioning it leads to self-starvation.

Question 51

Why might endogenous opioids act as a positive reinforcer in anorexia nervosa?

Answer 51

They counter pain during starvation and create a feeling of euphoria.

Question 52

What is alexithymia?

Answer 52

Inability to recognise your own feelings.

Question 53

What are 4 types of treatment for eating disorders?

Answer 53

Pharmacological treatments, family therapy prevention programmes and CBT.

Question 54

Antidepressants are (more/less) successful at treating bulimia than anorexia.

Answer 54

More.

Question 55

What is subdural hematoma and one way it is treated?

Answer 55

It is intercranial bleeding, treated with trepanation of the skull.

Question 56

Which type of tumours are associated with excess growth hormone?

Answer 56

Pituitary tumours.

Question 57

What is acromegaly?

Answer 57

Excessive growth of e.g. hands.

Question 58

What is akinesis?

Answer 58

Slowness of movement.

Question 59

What is dysarthria a symptom of and what is it?

Answer 59

Huntington’s disease: difficult/unclear articulating if otherwise normal speech.

Question 60

What is alexia without agraphia?

Answer 60

The ability to write on command but not be able to read it.

Question 61

What is associative agnosia?

Answer 61

Inability to recognise objects despite being able to perceive them.

Question 62

What do psychoanalysts believe is the reason for maladaptive behaviours?

Answer 62

The unconscious trying to conceal painful thoughts.