Perception Flashcards
the method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in som meaningful fashion
Perception
the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance
Size Constancy
the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change
Brightness Constancy
the tendency to interpret the shape of an object as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina
Shape Constancy
the tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background
Figure-ground
visual illusions in which the figure and ground can be reversed
Reversible Figures
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping; physical or geographical nearness
Proximity
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group
Similarity
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to complete figures that are incomplete
Closure
a Gestalt principle of perception, the
tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous pattern rather than with a complex, broken-up pattern
Continuity
a Gestalt principle of perception, the tendency to perceive two things that happen close together in time as being related
Contiguity
the tendency is to perceive objects that are in a common area or region as being in a group
Common Region
the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions
Depth Perception
cues for perceiving depth based on one eye only
Monocular Cues (pictorial depth cues)
monocular depth perception cue, the tendency for parallel lines to appear to converge on each other.
Linear Perspective
monocular depth perception cue, perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away
Relative Size
monocular depth perception cue, the assumption that an object that appears to be blocking part of another object is in front of the second object and closer to the viewer
Interposition (or overlap)
monocular depth perception cue, the haziness that surrounds objects that are farther away from the viewer, causing the distance to be perceived as greater
Aerial (atmospheric) Perspective
monocular depth perception cue, the tendency for textured surfaces to appear to become smaller and finer as distance from the viewer increases
Texture Gradient
monocular depth perception cue, the perception of motion of objects in which close objects appear to move more quickly than objects that are farther away
Motion Parallax
as a monocular cue of depth perception, the brain’s use of information about the changing thickness of the lens of the eye in response to looking at objects that are close or far away
Accommodation
binocular depth perception cue, the rotation of the two eyes in their sockets to focus on a single object, resulting in greater ___________ for closer objects and lesser ___________ if objects are distant
Convergence
binocular depth perception cue, the difference in images between the two eyes, which is greater for objects that are close and smaller for distant objects
Binocular Disparity
a distorted perception of something that is really there
Illusion
originates in the brain, not in reality
Hallucination
matrix of squares with gray blobs or diamonds that fade away or disappear completely when you try to look directly at them
Hermann Grid
illusion of line length that is distorted by inward-turning or outward-turning corners on the ends of the lines, causing lines of equal length to appear to be different
Müller-Lyer Illusion
explanation of the moon illusion
Apparent Distance Hypothesis
an object as moving when it is actually still
Autokinetic Effect
a rapid series of still pictures will seem to be in motion
Stroboscopic Motion
tiny eye movements
Microsaccades
lights turned on in sequence appear to move
Phi Phenomenon
the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences or expectations influence those perceptions
Perceptual Set (Perceptual Expectancy)
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole
Top-Down Processing
the analysis of the smaller features to build up to a complete perception
Bottom-Up Processing
