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psychology paper 1 > perception > Flashcards

perception Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

whenever we see, smell, taste, touch, hear or we are experiencing sensation processed by sence receptors, detecting a stimulus frm the environment

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2
Q

perception

A

the b rain interpreting and organising sensory information

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3
Q

visual cues

A

information about movement, distance etc

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4
Q

visual constancies

A

seeing objects as the same form different angles and distances

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5
Q

binocular depth cues

A

need both eyes

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6
Q

retinal disparity
(binocular)

A

difference between the view of the left and right eye gives brain infomation about depth and distance

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7
Q

convergence
(bonocular)

A

eyes point closer together when an object is close, muscles work harder so know distance and depth

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8
Q

monocular depth cue

A

allowing a person to judge depth and distance with ONE EYE

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9
Q

height in plane
(monocular)

A

objects higher up appears further away

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10
Q

relative size
(monocular)

A

smaller objects appar further away

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11
Q

occlusion
(monocular)

A

if one objecy obscures part of another object, it is seen as closer

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12
Q

linear perspective
(monocular)

A

paralell lines appar closer as they become more distant

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13
Q

visual illusions

A

objects percieved as constant size on retina changing with distance

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14
Q

misinterpreted depth cues

A

objects apparently in the distance scaled up by the brian to look normal size

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15
Q

ambiguous figure

A

two possible interpretations of the image, brain cant decide which one is correct

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16
Q

fiction

A

seeing something thst is not there

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17
Q

ponzo illusion

A

-misinterpreted depth cue
-percievfe horizontal line higher up as longer

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18
Q

muller-lyer

A

-misinterpreted depth cue
-two vertical lines same length
-line with outgoing arrows seen as longer

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19
Q

rubins vase

A

-ambiguous figure
-face and vase
-both correct
-brain alternates

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20
Q

ames room

A

-misinterpreted depth cue
-room shape trapezoid
-people seen as different size even though they are the same

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21
Q

necker cube

A

-ambiguous figure
-cube seen as pointing up to the right and down to the left

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22
Q

kanizsa triangle

A

-fiction
-illusiory contours creates the impression of a second triangle

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23
Q

gibsons direct theory

A

-the influence of nature
-the environment gives us all the information we need
-perception dosnt draw on past experience, in contrats with gregories theory
-senstaion and perception are the same
-the eyes detect everything we need without haing to make inferences

23
Q

gibsons direct theory

A

-our perceptual abilities are innate
-they are already there at birth and in our nature

23
gibsons direct theory
bottom - up processing -perception directs cognition
23
gibsons direct theory -motion paralax
gibson said that monocular paralax is another type of monocular depth cue that provides the brain with important information to do with movement | when we are moving the objects that closer to us in our visual field app
23
evaluation for gibson
-strength = real world meaning = research was on 2nd world war pilots so relevant to daily life = succesfully explains how we percieve the world around us on a daily basis
23
evaluation for gibson
-weakness = theory struggles to explain visual illusions = perception is seen as accurate but illusions trick the brain so theory is incomplete = cant explain perceptual errors
23
gergories constructivist theory of perception
-the role of nature =our understanding of visual cues is based on past experinces =our perception improves as we grow up interact more with the world -we use past experience to make sence of the world -we use our past experience to dconstruct and interpret the world around us -therefore our brain has to fill in the gaps using inferences - the brain uses sensory info to make a conclusion about what our eyes are seeing
23
gergories constructivist theory of perception
-visual cues =help to make inferences =they help us to percieve depth, distance,size and shape
23
evaluation for gregory
-strenght =support form researc h in different cultures =people interpret visual cues differently showing that experince affects perception
24
evaluation for gregory
-weakness =visual illusions =gregories research used 2d visual illusions which are artificial, so theory may not apply to the real world
25
factors affecting perception = culture
- refers to the social world that surrounds us -the world we live in affects what our sences pick up
26
culture - hudson aim
to find out whether different cultures percieve depth cues in 2d image differently
27
culture - hudson methods
showed 2d image to black and white kids schooled and unschooled - they were asked which is nearer? elephant or antelope
28
culture - hudson results + conclusion
- black and white schooled participants more likeley to percieve depth that unschooled participants , white schooled participants more likley to percieve depht than black school participnats - different cultures use depth cues differently so have different perceptual sets.
29
hudson evaluation
-weakness = cross culture research = langauage difference could have made the method used uncelar =lacks validity
30
hudson evaluation
-weakness =problems with method =the way the pictures were represented on paper may have confused participants
31
factors affecting perception = emotion
the tendancy of our brain to notice exciting things and block threataning things
32
emotion - mcginnies aim
to know if anxiety rpovoking things are noticed more than neutral things
33
emotion - mcginnies methods
students shown neutral words and bad words, had to say it out loud, emotional arousal through GSR
34
emotion - mcginnies results + conclusion
- took longer to say bad words , bad words gave a big change in GSR - emotion affects perceptual set
35
mcginnies evaluation
-strength = objectice measurement = gsr is a scientific method to measure emotion = increases validity
36
mcginnies evaluation
-weakness =embarrasment not defence = delayed recognition may just be embarrasment not perceptual defence = awkwardness is an extraneous variable
37
factors affecting perception = motivation
wanting something increases its attractiveness
38
motivation - ghilchrist and nesburg aim
to find out if food deprivation affects the perception of food
39
motivation - ghilchrist and nesburg methods
hungry and not hungry participants shown a slide of a meal , had to adjust level of slide shown
40
motivation - ghilchrist and nesburg result + conclusion
- percieved food as brighter the longer deprived of food -sensitivity greater when food deprieved , hunger is a motivation factor that affects the perception of food
41
ghilchrist and nesburg evaluation
-strength =support form similar studies =sanfords studies found similar results which strngthens the validity of the conclusions
42
ghilchrist and nesburg evaluation
-weakness =ethical issues =depriving people of food causes discomfort, a case of physical harm
43
factors affecting perception = expectation
-beliefs based on past experiences can affect how much we attend to things
44
expectation - bruner and minturn aim
to find out if an ambiguous figure is seen differently if context is changed
45
expectation - bruner and minturn method
participants shown a sequence of letters or numbers with an ambiguous figure in the middle
46
expectation - bruner and minturn results + conclusion
-those who saw letters said B, those who saw numbers said 13 -shows expectation is affeced by the context is presented
47
bruner and minturn evaluation
-weakness =artificial task =ambiguous figures are designed to trick perception, so task lacks validity
48
bruner and minturn evaluation
-weakness =participant variables may have caused the difference in results not expectation

psychology paper 1 (4 decks)

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