memory

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

chenging information so it can be stored

Question 2

storage

Answer 2

holding information in the memory system

Question 3

retreival

Answer 3

recovering information from storage

Question 4

visual encoding

Answer 4

some memory are stored visually

Question 5

acoustic encoding

Answer 5

soem memory is stored in terms of what they sound like

Question 6

semantic encoding

Answer 6

-semantic refers to meaning
-we all know what thousands of words mean and this is because our semnatic memory is the ability to understand and use words and concepts

Question 7

recognition

Answer 7

you see someone and yiu are able to identify who they are

Question 8

cued recall

Answer 8

you are trying to remember a word and someone says ‘it begins with an r’

Question 9

free recall

Answer 9

you retrieve wihtout any help

Question 10

Short term memory

Answer 10

information that we store briefley (18 - 30s)

Question 11

long term memory

Answer 11

information that we store for hours, days or years

Question 12

baddley
aim

Answer 12

to see if there is a differmece between the encoding used in stm and ltm

Question 13

baddley
method

Answer 13

• 4 groups of participants
  -A had to learn acoustically similar words and B dissimilar
  -C had to learn semantically similar words and D dissimilar

Question 14

baddley
result and conclusion

Answer 14

-similar sounding words were poorly recalled in STM, words wiht similar meaning poorly recalled in LTM
-this shows STM is encoded by sound and LTM by meaning

Question 15

baddley strength

Answer 15

controlled expiriment as EV like participants hearing were controlled by a hearing test enhances the validity of the expiriment

Question 16

baddley
weakness

Answer 16

LTM may not have bben tested as they only waited 20 mins before recall so conclusion lacks validity

Question 17

episodic memory

Answer 17

memory for events in your life

Question 18

semantic memory

Answer 18

all about menaing, consists of all your knoelede of the world

Question 19

procedural memory

Answer 19

‘muscle memory’ and contains memories of how to do specific skills

Question 20

LTM strength

Answer 20

brian scans support this
- researchers have found that dufferent types of LTM is found in diff parts of the brain

Question 21

LTM weakness

Answer 21

its not as simple as it seems distinctice types of LTM are difficult to seperate so it may be an oversimplification

Question 22

interference

Answer 22

occurs when two pieces of information conflict with each other resulting in forgetting 1 or both pieces of information

Question 23

proactive interfearence

Answer 23

when an older memory interfears with a newer memory

Question 24

retroactive interfearence

Answer 24

when a newer memory interfears wiht an older memory

Question 25

Mc Geoh + Mc Donald aim

Answer 25

to see what effect the 2nd activity had on the accuracy of memory

Question 26

Mc Geoh + Mc Donald method

Answer 26

12 participants has to learn a list of 10 words then they were shown a new list - there were 5 different kinds of lists shown to the participants

Question 27

Mc Geoh + Mc Donald resukt + conclusion

Answer 27

-when the participants were asked to recall the original list of words,thir performance depended on the nature if the 2nd list. -the results show that interfearnece is the stongest when an intervening activity is similar .

Question 28

Mc Geoh + Mc Donald strength

Answer 28

controlled and unbiased = counterbalancing = high internal validity

Question 29

Mc Geoh + Mc Donald weakness

Answer 29

artficial task - word list do not reflect real life memory

Question 30

factors affectcing accuracy = context

Answer 30

conetxt is the general setting in which activities happen , contetx can act as a cue to recall information.

Question 31

godden and baddley aim

Answer 31

to see if people who learn and are tested in the same environment will recall more infor than people who learn and are tested in a different environment

Question 32

godden and baddley method

Answer 32

4 groups - 1 learned and tested on the beach - 2 learned under the water, tested on the beach - 3 learned on the beach , tested underwater - 4 learned under water and tested underwater

Question 33

godden and baddley result + conclusion

Answer 33

-recall was highest in the same environment for learning and recall - context acts as a trigger or cue, improving the accuracy for memory

Question 34

godden and baddley weakness

Answer 34

the test used was artificial - word lits is not a natural way to investigate recall

Question 35

godden and baddley weakness

Answer 35

only applies to very similar situations

Question 36

the multi store model

Answer 36

-three memory stores, different coding, capacity and duration -sensory memory = very short duration , large capacity, attention transferes info to STM - STM = limited duration and capacity, acoustic encoding - Role of rehersal = rehersla keeps info in STM, repeat rehersal transferes STM to LTM - LTM = semantoic coding , unlimited capacity and stored yp to a lifetime

Question 37

capacity

Answer 37

amount of info taht can be stored in the meory store

Question 38

sensory

Answer 38

- less that 1 sec - capacity very high

Question 39

short term

Answer 39

- less than 1 min - about 7 chunks

Question 40

long term

Answer 40

- up to a lifetime - capacity unlimited

Question 41

MSM strength

Answer 41

there is evidence to support the existance of differet memory stores so baddleys research supprts the view

Question 42

MSM weakness

Answer 42

having 1 stm and ltm store is too simplisitic

Question 43

primacy effect

Answer 43

these words were tyhe first heards - they have been rehearsed, so we can recall form our ltm

Question 44

recency effect

Answer 44

these words were the most recently heard so we cfan recall because its still in our stm

Question 45

Murdock aim

Answer 45

to see if to see if memory of words were affected by the number of words a person ahs to remember

Question 46

murdock method

Answer 46

- rnadomly selected 4000 most common words in the dictiniary , 103 students form psychology cource took part in the study - 20 word list which ecah contained diff words- lists varied in lengths form 10 - 40 words

Question 47

murdock result + conclusion

Answer 47

-recall related to position of words, higher recall for the first words and last words than the ones in the middle -shows the serial position effect and supports the MSM stores

Question 48

murdock strength

Answer 48

was conducted in a highly controlled environment which makes the results more valid

Question 49

murdock weakness

Answer 49

the word list only represents a small part of what we do with our memory so lacks external validity

Question 50

false memory

Answer 50

memory for somehting that did noit happen but feels as if it were a true memory

Question 51

loftus and pickrell aim

Answer 51

to see if false memory could be created in participants through suggestion

Question 52

loftus and pickrell method

Answer 52

24 participants were given short stories about childhood from relatives. 3 3 were true and 1 was getting lost in a mall amd getting rescued by an elderly lady

Question 53

loftus and pickrell result + cocnclusion

Answer 53

- 6 out of 24 recalled the false story fully or partially - imagining an event can implant a false memory in a person , reducing accuracy of memory

Question 54

loftus and pickrell strength

Answer 54

it has important implifications for eye witness testimonies - police may unconsiously ask leading or biased questions to person

Question 55

loftus and pickrell weakness

Answer 55

there are ehtical issues - at the end the participants were given a debrief - they bwere told its fake but they still left wiht an unpleasant feeling

Question 56

bartletts war of the ghosts

Answer 56

altering our recollection of something so that it makes more sence to us

Question 57

bartlette aim

Answer 57

to see how memory is reconstructed when people are asked to recall somwthing over a period of days or months

Question 58

bartlette method

Answer 58

the war of the ghoss story was read by 1 participant amnd was recalled after 15 minutes then read by another participant and so on

Question 59

bartlette results + conclusion

Answer 59

- participants changes the story to fit cultural expextation and left out unfamiliar information - we use our knowledge of social situations to reconstruct memory

Question 60

bartlette weakness

Answer 60

it was conducted casually wiht no set standards about whereand how people recalled the information thus it lacked control - the recall was probably more accurate because 9of the lack of control

Question 61

bartlette weakness

Answer 61

-the study was unusual and may noit reflect everyday memory process -therefore this study may only mtell us little about everyday memory as it kacks ecological validity

Question 62

reconstructicve memory

Answer 62

fragments of stored information are reassembled during recall, the gaps are fulled in by our expectations and beliefs so that we can produce a story that makes sence to us. - we store fragments and when we want to recall it we build there fragments into a whole - elements are missing that means memories are less accurate -

Question 63

reconstructicve memory social and cultural influences

Answer 63

expectations come form the world and culture we live in and affect storage and recall

Question 64

reconstructicve memory effort after meaning

Answer 64

we focus on meanings of events and make an effort afrerwards to make sence of fragments or memory

Question 65

reconstructicve memory strength

Answer 65

- it has real world applications - can be used to explain problems wiht eye witness testimonies

Question 66

reconstructicve memory strength

Answer 66

this study refletcs how we actually use memory in everyday life, more realestic than using word lists to test people

Question 67

reconstructicve memory weakness

Answer 67

not all recall is reconstructed as some memories of the story are accurate