Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 2B > Perception > Flashcards

Perception Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

physical dimensions of sound

A
  • frequency
  • amplitude
  • complexity (pure tones vs natural sound)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

perception of sound

A
  • loudness
  • pitch
  • timbre
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is sound?

A

waves of changing pressure travelling through a substance e.g. air/liquid etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

amplitude?

A

the maximum air pressure in each cycle
- bigger amplitude = louder sound
- increasing amplitude by 10 causes loudness to increase x4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

frequency?

A

the number of cycles in changing air pressure per second
- higher frequency = higher pitch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is a pure tone?

A

a sound where perceived pitch is equivalent to frequency. Natural sounds consist of pure tones of many frequencies added together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is sound processed in the ear?

A

changes in air pressure enter through the auditory canal and the changes effect the ear drum. this effects three small bones that act on the cochlea. the cochlea is where the physical forces of the changes in air pressure changes into electrical signals that the brain can process.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

auditory transduction (within the cochlea)

A

-hair cells within the cochlea are micro receptors transduce the vibration of the basilar membrane into electrical signals to send to the brain via the auditory nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

coding of frequency (in the cochlea)

A

each part of the basilar membrane vibrates to a particular frequency (highest at the base and lowest at the apex of the cochlea)
Each hair cell signals the amplitude of one narrow range of frequencies in the sound

the perception of loudness is base on how stretched the basilar membrane is - more stretched = hair cells fire more quickly = louder sound is percieved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

human hearing range

A

the maximum range is approximately 20Hz - 20kHz

sound frequency and pressure can both be used to cause discomfort/pain e.g. high pitched noises to stop youths loitering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are the two parallel cortical processing streams?

A
  • dorsal stream (to superior parietal lobe) = mostly for movement
  • ventral stream (to inferior temporal lobe) = identifying objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how does perception lead to representation of the world?

A
  1. break the world up into little pieces e.g. colour, lines, motion etc.
  2. put it all back together to create a bigger picture
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

FFA

A

fusiform face area = responds to faces more than other objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

PPA

A

parahippocampal place area = responds preferentially to places e.g. a picture of a house

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

EBA

A

extrastriate body area = involved in perception of body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

proof for two visual systems (frog)

A

Ingle (1973) removed the tectum on the right side of a frogs brain - we would expect there to be no visual processing in LVF

the frog did not move away from predators or towards prey in LVF
BUT it could jump around objects in the LVF
this suggests objects and movement could be processed by different parts of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dorsal system

A

the ‘where’ system - binocular info
- visual control of movement (Milner and Goodale, 1995)
- egocentric and unconscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ventral system

A

the ‘what’ system
- identification of objects and events
- allocentric and conscious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Evidence of the dorsal system (Milner and Goodale, 1995)

A

Optic ataxia causes difficulty with coordination tasks – due to damage in the dorsal stream

e.g. when presented with a slot, patients could say the orientation/angle of the slot but struggled to point/put their hand through the slot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

evidence for the ventral system (Milner and Goodale, 1995)

A

visual agnosia comes from damage to the ventral stream and causes difficulty with recognising faces/shapes/objects/sizes etc.

e.g. famous patient DF was able to draw objects from memory but could not copy a drawing of an apple or book as she wouldn’t recognise it.
She also struggled in recognising size – she would know a door was too small to go through but was unable to verbalise that BUT she performed well on coordination tasks proving the systems must be separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

evidence for two systems – Ebbinghaus illusion

A

two dots in the centre surrounded either by smaller or larger dots – the central dots are the same size but the surrounding dots bias our perception.
- Our ventral system perceives the dot surrounded by small dots as larger than the dot surrounded by medium dots
- BUT when we go to ‘pick up’ the dots, our hand makes the same sized gesture, suggesting the dorsal stream is unaffected by this illusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how has evolution shaped our perception?

A

our perception systems evolved in a way that was biologically useful and we can often learn the most about our systems by the way it makes mistakes.

e.g. we see colour - the real world has no colour, it is just how we perceive reflected light but seeing colour has an evolutionary benefit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

change blindness

A

Change blindness is when we fail to perceive changes in our environment – it shows remarkable gaps in our perception. We cannot process everything that is projected on our retina.

We are wired to detect change but if we mask an image (e.g. cover it with a grey square before showing the next one) we rely on memory more to detect the change.

24
Q

what is attention?

A

we need attention in order to process the important information in our environment.

“it implies withdrawal from somethings in order to deal effectively with others” - William James (1890)

25
Q

how is attention used?

A
  • Something can catch your attention
  • Attention can be selective – focused on something else / tired
  • Can conduct actions but forget doing them as we didn’t pay attention
26
Q

internal attention

A

attending to thoughts

27
Q

external attention

A

attending to real world stimuli

28
Q

overt attention

A

directing a sense organ towards a stimulus (is attention controlled by us or the stimuli?)

29
Q

covert attention

A

attending to a stimulus without giving a sign e.g. eavesdropping

30
Q

divided attention

A

splitting attention between stimulus

31
Q

sustained attention

A

Attention to only one stimulus

32
Q

visual attention

A

The selection of some visual stimulus or set of visual stimuli at the expense of others for further visual and cognitive analysis and often for the control of behaviour

33
Q

how do we select what we pay attention to?

A

do we pay attention to space or objects? (change blindness suggests its objects)
we also suffer from central viewing bias

34
Q

space-based theories of attention - spotlight metaphor

A

attention is like a spotlight which moves about and allows us to selectively attend to parts of the visual world - areas within the spotlight receive extra processing

35
Q

Posner cueing paradigm (Posner, 1980)

A

Michael Posner (1980) suggested that enhanced processing/detection occurs within this ‘spotlight’ of attention

The Posner cueing paradigm is a space-based model of attention where you focus on a cross in the middle and press a button when you see a star
he found that when the box in bold and the star were congruent people were faster to press the button

36
Q

space-based theories of attention - ‘zoom lens’ model

A

slightly like the spotlight model except the attended region can grow/shrink depending on the size of the area being processed (Eriksen and Yeh, 1985)

37
Q

visual search - feature search

A

target defined by the presence of a single feature (e.g. unique colour or orientation = ‘find the red line’) in a field of ‘distractors’ that we have to search through

38
Q

visual search - conjunction search

A

target defined by the conjunction (co-occurrence) of two or more features (e.g. orientation and colour must match the target = ‘find the horizontal red line’)

39
Q

visual search - spatial configuration search

A

the target(s) and distractors contain the same basic features making the target more difficult to spot

40
Q

visual search efficieny

A

the average increase in reaction time for each item added to the display. This is measured in slope or ms/item.
The larger the search slope (more ms/item) the less efficient the search.

41
Q

the binding problem

A

when targets have multiple attributes that are handled by different brain circuits it is more difficult to identify the target as one unified object

e.g. find the vertical, red bar moving to the right = orientation, colour and motion are controlled by separate neurons

there is evidence that features of stimulus are represented independently and need to be bound together

42
Q

feature integration theory (Treisman, 1980)

A

object-based theory of visual attention
suggests that a limited set of basic features can be processed in parallel pre-attentively but other properties require attention (= binding problem)

43
Q

pre-attentive stage

A

The processing of a stimulus that occurs before selective attention is deployed to that stimulus

44
Q

illusory conjunction

A

an erroneous combination of two features in a visual scene
e.g. seeing a red X (when there isn’t one) when looking at a display of red letters and non-red Xs

this provides evidence that some features are represented independently and must be correctly bound together with attention - would not see the red X if you were paying attention

45
Q

Problem of spotlight theory

A

attention appears to be object based, not location based

46
Q

top-down attention

A

previous knowledge means we have learned what is useful to pay attention to

47
Q

bottom-up attention

A

something in the environment just catches your attention

48
Q

saliency models of attention

A

saliency = something in the stimulus grabs our attention

problems:
- not all important visual information is salient e.g. stop signs in a clustered environment
- salient information may not be important
- Doesn’t account for many observed fixations, especially in natural behaviour

49
Q

top-down saliency

A

when performing a task, we pay attention to the objects/aspects of our environment that would help us complete the task - this is different to what would draw our attention if we were just looking.

50
Q

unexpected visitor (Repin, 1888) - Yarbus (1967)

A

top-down saliency
Yarbus (1967) used this image to track gaze behaviour after participants were given an instruction like ‘give the ages of the people in the picture’ etc.

= found that the eye voluntarily fixates on those elements of a visual scene that carry essential and useful information and the more info contained in an element, the longer we look.
- fixations on the image change depending on the purpose of the observer = suggests people who think differently will see differently

51
Q

land and MacLeod (2001)

A

Threw a cricket ball and tracked gaze of two people with differing skills (the better batsman follows the ball’s movement more closely)

concluded:
- eye movements are predictive as the better batsman was able to fixate on the bounce point earlier
- eye to brain to muscles takes a minimum of 200 msec. Cricket ball only takes about 600 msec. Prediction gets around the problem of sensory delays.

52
Q

representative design - Brunswik (1956)

A

organisms adapt to their natural environment, it is important that experimental stimuli are sampled from the organism’s natural environment

e.g. many visual search tasks are just finding specific shapes in clusters of shapes - this is not a natural stimulus. when provided with a scene from the real world, our prior knowledge allows us to find things faster.

53
Q

cognitive ethnology - Kingstone et al (2008)

A

Cognitive ethnology advocates the studying of behaviour under realistic conditions (this was originally applied to animal behaviour)

54
Q

lab studies often make two incorrect assumpitons:

A
  1. ‘the processes that subserve cognition are invariant and regular across conditions’
  2. ‘situational variability can be reduced or eliminated without affecting the nature of the process being measured’
55
Q

Savelsbergh et al (2005)

A

Investigated gaze behaviour of goal keepers during a video simulation of a penalty kick.

They incorrectly assumed that the behaviours observed during the simulation were invariant and therefore representative of the real-world behaviour

56
Q

Dicks et al (2010)

A

replicated Savelsbergh but with the inclusion of a real world condition.
- observed similar behaviour in the simulation condition to that reported by Savelsbergh et al. (2005).
- The simulated condition created an artificially high percentage of fixations towards the legs of the penalty taker whereas in the real world the the goalkeepers fixated almost exclusively on the ball

Psych 2B (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions