perception

Question 1

what is the three stage process of perception?

Answer 1

analysis
synthesis
perception

Question 2

what is a sensation? (two answers)

Answer 2

conscious or mental process generated by stimulating a sense organ, sensory nerve, or sensory region in the brain

sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin) react to external stimuli

Question 3

sensation happens at what point?

Answer 3

first

Question 4

perception happens at what point?

Answer 4

last

Question 5

STAGE 1 - what is a distal object? and example?

Answer 5

the item (STIMULUS) doing the stimulating

cow mooing (sound) -> stimulates your audition (sense is stimulated)

Question 6

what are the distal objects from hearing, sight, smell, feel, and taste?

Answer 6

audition
vision
olfaction
touch
gustation

Question 7

STAGE 2 - what is the information medium? and examples?

Answer 7

how the information travels from the distal object

e.g. waves, light (vision), molecules (taste), pressure (touch)

Question 8

STAGE 3 - what is proximal stimulation? and examples?

Answer 8

how the information medium is received

e.g. sound generates movement on the basillar membrane in the ear

Question 9

how does sound travel?

Answer 9

sound -> ear -> transmitted to basillar membrane -> basillar membrane moves -> info transferred to cochlear -> auditory system

Question 10

how does vision travel?

Answer 10

light absorbed by rods/cones in retina

Question 11

how does taste travel?

Answer 11

molecule reception at taste buds

Question 12

how does touch travel?

Answer 12

stimulation of receptor cells

Question 13

STAGE 4 - what is the perceptual object? and example?

Answer 13

recognising the object as the object

e.g. recognising the sound as a cow

Question 14

what does ‘Gestalt’ mean?

Answer 14

‘form’ or ‘shape’

Question 15

who created the gestalt approach?

Answer 15

kofka, kohler, wertheimer

Question 16

what is gestalt theory?

Answer 16

tries to understand how the human brain perceives experiences

it suggests that structures, perceived as a whole, have specific properties that are different from the sum of their individual parts

Question 17

what does the gestalt theory principles provide?

Answer 17

explain how we make sense of the world

Question 18

what is the law of pragnanz?

Answer 18

see a set of ambiguous or complex objects and tries to make them as simple as possible

Question 19

what is figure-ground segregation?

Answer 19

ability to separate the figure in a picture from the background

Question 20

what are the gestalt laws?

Answer 20

proximity - when objects are played together, the eye perceives them as a group

similarity - when objects look similar to one another, the eye perceives them as a group or pattern

continuance - the eye is compelled to move from one object through another

closure - when an object is incomplete or not completely enclosed

figure & ground - when the eye differentiates an object from its surrounding area

common region - things in the same closed region (circle/shape) tend to be perceived as belonging to the same group

Question 21

what are the problems with the gestalt theory?

Answer 21

• there is no actual explanation, just description
• principles do not explain why perception happens
• does not offer any clues as to WHERE in the brain it is happening

Question 22

what is bottom up processing? (data driven) and example?

Answer 22

begin with basic stimuli and work up.

e.g. Gestalt

Question 23

what did gibson say about biological tuning?

Answer 23

we are biologically tuned to respond to certain shapes

Question 24

what are template theories (Selfridge and Neisser 1960)?

Answer 24

perceive shapes in the world by matching them to templates that we have in our head

Question 25

what are the limitations of template theories? (two answers)

Answer 25

e.g. the letter 'a' can be wrote so many different ways and in many different fonts where would we fit all of the templates

Question 26

what is rosch's prototype theory?

Answer 26

stores the closest version of an object and compares to it

Question 27

what are feature/pandemonium theories? and example?

Answer 27

store individual small parts that we can make up parts rather e.g. letter A is made up of three lines

Question 28

what is navon's local features?

Answer 28

local processing is processing information in a smaller, more detailed way

Question 29

what is navon's global features?

Answer 29

global processing is processing information in a bigger whole picture way

Question 30

what is an example of the differences of local and global features?

Answer 30

the letter 'H' made up of smaller 'x''s Global - the letter H local - the smaller x's

Question 31

what did Biedermen (1987) discovered from his cognition theory?

Answer 31

recognise the world through 'viewpoint invariant geons': = we recognise the shape no matter what angle it is = components are quickly identified

Question 32

what is top down processing?

Answer 32

engage with the world around us through experience and expectations

Question 33

What is Marr’s conceptual theory?

Answer 33

- Hybrid of top-down & bottom-up - raw data in the retina is categorised into features - descriptive but goes off experience too