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cognitive psychology > perception > Flashcards

perception Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the three stage process of perception?

A

analysis
synthesis
perception

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2
Q

what is a sensation? (two answers)

A

conscious or mental process generated by stimulating a sense organ, sensory nerve, or sensory region in the brain

sense organs (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin) react to external stimuli

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3
Q

sensation happens at what point?

A

first

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4
Q

perception happens at what point?

A

last

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5
Q

STAGE 1 - what is a distal object? and example?

A

the item (STIMULUS) doing the stimulating

cow mooing (sound) -> stimulates your audition (sense is stimulated)

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6
Q

what are the distal objects from hearing, sight, smell, feel, and taste?

A

audition
vision
olfaction
touch
gustation

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7
Q

STAGE 2 - what is the information medium? and examples?

A

how the information travels from the distal object

e.g. waves, light (vision), molecules (taste), pressure (touch)

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8
Q

STAGE 3 - what is proximal stimulation? and examples?

A

how the information medium is received

e.g. sound generates movement on the basillar membrane in the ear

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9
Q

how does sound travel?

A

sound -> ear -> transmitted to basillar membrane -> basillar membrane moves -> info transferred to cochlear -> auditory system

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10
Q

how does vision travel?

A

light absorbed by rods/cones in retina

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11
Q

how does taste travel?

A

molecule reception at taste buds

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12
Q

how does touch travel?

A

stimulation of receptor cells

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13
Q

STAGE 4 - what is the perceptual object? and example?

A

recognising the object as the object

e.g. recognising the sound as a cow

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14
Q

what does ‘Gestalt’ mean?

A

‘form’ or ‘shape’

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15
Q

who created the gestalt approach?

A

kofka, kohler, wertheimer

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16
Q

what is gestalt theory?

A

tries to understand how the human brain perceives experiences

it suggests that structures, perceived as a whole, have specific properties that are different from the sum of their individual parts

17
Q

what does the gestalt theory principles provide?

A

explain how we make sense of the world

18
Q

what is the law of pragnanz?

A

see a set of ambiguous or complex objects and tries to make them as simple as possible

19
Q

what is figure-ground segregation?

A

ability to separate the figure in a picture from the background

20
Q

what are the gestalt laws?

A

proximity - when objects are played together, the eye perceives them as a group

similarity - when objects look similar to one another, the eye perceives them as a group or pattern

continuance - the eye is compelled to move from one object through another

closure - when an object is incomplete or not completely enclosed

figure & ground - when the eye differentiates an object from its surrounding area

common region - things in the same closed region (circle/shape) tend to be perceived as belonging to the same group

21
Q

what are the problems with the gestalt theory?

A
  • there is no actual explanation, just description
  • principles do not explain why perception happens
  • does not offer any clues as to WHERE in the brain it is happening
22
Q

what is bottom up processing? (data driven) and example?

A

begin with basic stimuli and work up.

e.g. Gestalt

23
Q

what did gibson say about biological tuning?

A

we are biologically tuned to respond to certain shapes

24
Q

what are template theories (Selfridge and Neisser 1960)?

A

perceive shapes in the world by matching them to templates that we have in our head

25
Q

what are the limitations of template theories? (two answers)

A

e.g. the letter ‘a’ can be wrote so many different ways and in many different fonts

where would we fit all of the templates

26
Q

what is rosch’s prototype theory?

A

stores the closest version of an object and compares to it

27
Q

what are feature/pandemonium theories? and example?

A

store individual small parts that we can make up parts rather

e.g. letter A is made up of three lines

28
Q

what is navon’s local features?

A

local processing is processing information in a smaller, more detailed way

29
Q

what is navon’s global features?

A

global processing is processing information in a bigger whole picture way

30
Q

what is an example of the differences of local and global features?

A

the letter ‘H’ made up of smaller ‘x’’s

Global - the letter H
local - the smaller x’s

31
Q

what did Biedermen (1987) discovered from his cognition theory?

A

recognise the world through ‘viewpoint invariant geons’:
= we recognise the shape no matter what angle it is
= components are quickly identified

32
Q

what is top down processing?

A

engage with the world around us through experience
and expectations

33
Q

What is Marr’s conceptual theory?

A
  • Hybrid of top-down & bottom-up
  • raw data in the retina is categorised into features
  • descriptive but goes off experience too

cognitive psychology (6 decks)

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