Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cognitive psychology > judgment > Flashcards

judgment Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Psychology flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is judgement?

A

deciding the likeliness of various events with incomplete evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is decision-making?

A

select one option from several different possibilities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what helps inform decision-making?

A

judgements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is dual process theory (Kahneman, 2003)?

A

we have 2 cognitive subsystems for thinking

system 1 - fast and emotionally-charged (gut feeling/intuition) that uses little conscious effort = everyday decisions

system 2 - slow and effortful where we weigh up different concepts and reach a logical decision = complex decisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what system are you most likely to use when you’re tired?

A

system 1 - automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what evidence supports dual process theory?

A

fMRI & MRI studies

  • found that content based reasoning used the left hemisphere temporal system and abstract formal problems used a parietal system
  • it depends on the use of semantic context
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the limitations of dpt?

A

oversimplification
- a flexible processing
- less confident in their answers so they use system 1
- found the conflict detection area shows activation which shows systems can work simultaneously

too reliant on system 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is (expected) utility theory?

A

how people should make big decisions when there is uncertainty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does utility refer to?

A

individuals will choose the outcomes that achieve a person’s goal at maximum utility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is eut used to predict behaviour?

A

economics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what theory directly challenged utility theory?

A

prospect theory? (tversky & kahneman, 1979)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is prospect theory?

A

accurately described how decisions are made:

  • assume losses and gains are valued differently
  • make decisions based on perceived gains
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a reference point?

A

risky choice -> gains -> risk averse behaviour -> solutions with a lower expected utility theory -> higher certainty

OR

risky choice -> losses -> risk seeking behaviour -> solutions with a lower expected utility as long as it can avoid losses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an example of prospect theory?

A

we feel the gain of £100 less than the loss of £100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is an example of prospect theory?

A

end result = £25

  1. given £25 outright
  2. given £50 and have to give £25 back
  • utility = same

-more likely to choose option 1 as a single gain is seen as more favourable than a loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do we make judgements?

A

base rate information -frequency an event occurs within a population

= info we need to make a decision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why do we ignore base rate information?

A

we see it as irrelevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are heuristics?

A

judgements based on shorts cuts (rule of thumb) rather than the full knowledge

-needs less effort
-quick
-accurate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the different heuristics types?

A

availability
representativeness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is availability heuristics?

A

events that are more easily remembered are judged as more probable (more afraid of things on the news than other things we haven’t heard even tho they are worse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the different types of information that we use in the availability heuristic to make a decision?

A

recent
frequent
extreme
vivid
negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is salience bias?

A

individuals focus on items that are more prominent/emotional and ignore unremarkable even though the difference is irrelevant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what can the availability heuristic lead to?

A

illusionary correlation:
- leads to stereotypes

-media can reinforce it (only cover certain things in the news)

24
Q

what is representativeness heuristics?

A
  • judgements based on how much one event resembles another#
  • ignores base rate info
  • insensitive to sample size
25
Q

what is conjunction fallacy?

A

the combination of 2 events is more likely than one on its own

26
Q

what is gambler’s fallacy? (tversky & kahneman, 70s)

A

if a random event has occurred several times before in the past, we predict that it will occur less in the future

27
Q

what does gamblers fallacy fail to recognise?

A

randomness = small samples are more representatives in the population

28
Q

what is confirmation bias?

A

tendency to only seek out information that supports one idea

29
Q

what should you do to avoid confirmation bias?

A

consider both supporting and challenging evidence

30
Q

what are some things that cause confirmation bias?

A
  • seeking evidence to confirm hypothesis
  • don’t change beliefs when finding contradicting evidence
31
Q

what evidence is there for confirmation bias?

A

reinterpreting disconfirming evidence
- “ i was right new york would have won if it hadnt been for that injury” = losses are classed as ‘near wins’

belief perseverance
- disconfirming evidence is ignored

32
Q

what is the suicide note experiment (belief perseverance)?

A

participants had to pick the authentic suicide note

  • those who were told they did well rated themselves higher and vice versa
  • feedback was random
33
Q

what are framing effects?

A

options that are presented with positive (gain) or negative connotations (loss)

34
Q

what is a positive framing effect?

A

“95% effective”

35
Q

what is a negative framing effect?

A

“5% failure”

36
Q

what is the difference in framing effects with people?

A

strangers -> deterministic choices
family -> probabilistic choices

37
Q

what factors can affect decision-making?

A

emotion and mood

38
Q

what system are you more likely to use in a happy mood?

A

system 1 - don’t focus on the details

39
Q

what system are you more likely to use in a sad mood?

A

system 2 - rely on pre-existing knowledge and details

40
Q

what are neuroeconomics?

A

studying brain areas as people play economic games

41
Q

what does neuroeconomics show?

A

our emotions override our decision making

42
Q

what is the ultimatum game?

A
  • 2 people = prosper / responder
  • prosper decides how money is split (10$)
  • responder accepts or rejects
  • if both accepts no one gets it
  • 2 conditions = human/human & human/computer
  • utility theory predicts responder should accept any offer = same amount of money -> same acceptance
  • responders reject low human offers but similar offers from a computer
  • brain imaging -> areas activated associated with pain, distress, anger when we get cheeky offers
43
Q

what are clinical errors in decision making?

A

people making wrong decisions at the wrong time in a clinical setting
e.g. wrong medication

44
Q

what is the dual processing model in clinical decision making? (croskerry, 2009)

A
  1. illness is presented
  2. either recognise pattern or not
  3. recognise = system 1
  4. diagnoses
  5. don’t recognise = system 2
  6. seeing it more often (overlearning) = turns system 2 into system 1!
    = really hard to keep system 2 activated
    7.
45
Q

do errors tend to occur more in system 1 or 2?

A

1

46
Q

what does repetitive process in system 2 lead to?

A

processing in system 1

47
Q

what system does the brain default to?

A

1

48
Q

what is anchoring? (focalism)

A

depend too heavily on an initial piece of information to make decisions based on our reference point

e.g. black friday (prices)

49
Q

how do you reduce the anchoring effect?

A

research disconfirming evidence

50
Q

what are the 3 types of strategies in clinical settings?

A

motivational -> cognitive -> technological

51
Q

what do these strategies help to do?

A

debias in the workplace and reduce clinical error

52
Q

what is needed for motivational strategies to work?

A

the motivation to do it -> incentives / accountability

53
Q

what is needed for cognitive strategies to work?

A

context-specific rules (e.g. specific training)

54
Q

what is needed for technological strategies to work?

A

use of technology external to decision maker

55
Q

how do we debias?

A
  • person must want to change bias
  • need to be able to suppress automated response (system 1)
    = e.g. training
56
Q

what is the effectiveness of debiasing?

A

69% partially successful

  • computers -> 87%
  • cognitive strategies -> 50%

cognitive psychology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions