Perceiving the personality and emotions of others

Question 1

Realistic Accuracy Model (Funder, 1995) : factors needed to judge personality

Answer 1

• relevance: display behavior relevant to trait
• availability: have to be in a situation where they can display the behavior
• detection: judge has to detect cue
• utilization: judge has to realize it is relevant and then figure out how it relates to personality

Question 2

Rule & Ambady (2006)

-CEOs

Answer 2

• rate pictures of CEOs of top and bottom companies

- power and leadership ratings correlated with company profits (control for age and attractiveness)

Question 3

Ambady & Rosenthal (1993)

-rate videos of teachers for personality

Answer 3

-could judge positive traits after 30 or 2 second clips which correlated to student evaluations

Question 4

Funder & Colvin (1988)

-What do we learn about a person by spending time with them?

Answer 4

• targets and friends of targets
• friends judged friends and stranger
• friend ratings correlation to self-rating of target fairly high
• strangers did not correlate with self-ratings or other stranger ratings

Question 5

accuracy depends on traits

Answer 5

• friends more accurate for visible traits (physically attractiveness, talkative, sex typed, social poise)
• not more accurate for interpersonal cues, or other more internal cues

Question 6

Timothy Leary

Interpersonal circumplex

Answer 6

• translate traits to behaviors we use as cues
• extraversion and agreeableness
• interpersonal circumplex

Question 7

Interpersonal circumplex

Answer 7

• Dominant assured
• extraverted-gregarious
• warm-friendly
• agreeable-trusting
• submissive-unassured
• introverted-inhibited
• cold-unfriendly
• disagreeable-mistrusting

Question 8

Brian Knutson (1996) 
Facial expression and interpersonal circumplex

Answer 8

• had participants look at pictures of faces
• mapped onto interpersonal circumplex
• link between facial expression and interpersonal inferences

Question 9

Harker & Keltner, 2001

-The Power of a Smile

Answer 9

• intensity of smiles in yearbooks compared to self-reports, staff/observer ratings, marriage/well-being
• intensity of smile correlated with:
• observer/staff judgments (positive emotionality, affiliation, competence (not negative emotionality))
• moderate correlation with self-report (negative emotionality, affiliation, competence.)
• marital status and well-being (married, wellbeing)
• LINK BETWEEN EMOTIONAL EXPRESSIONS AND SELF, OTHER, AND LIFE DATA

Question 10

Gosling (2002) a room with a cue

Answer 10

• NEO correlation to coded room:
• O highly correlate (distinctive, decorated, books, CDs etc)
• N well lit, fresh
• C clean, neat, organized
• E decorated

Question 11

Youyou, Kosinski, Stillwell (2015)

-Facebook Has Cues, Too!

Answer 11

• created computer model (correlation between self-ratings and likes)
• predicted personality based on likes
• number of likes correlated to accuracy (more likes = more accuracy)
• learn the most about openness (visible)
• convergence between what you like on facebook and what someone would find out about you by spending time with you
• likes are like behavioral data

Question 12

Excitement smiles

Answer 12

• US leaders more likely to show than Chinese leaders

- European Americans value HAP more and LAP less than Chinese

Question 13

Perceptions of leadership

Answer 13

• EA rate excited smiles as better leaders

- HK Chinese rate leadership same for different levels of smile

Question 14

Zaki, Bolger, Ochsner (2008) Who is good at judging?

Answer 14

• targets described positive/negative events, rated how they felt
• judge watched video, rated, and took emotional empathy measure
• more empathy led to more accuracy if the target is highly expressive