Good and Bad Indicators of Personality Flashcards
1
Q
Informant (I) data
A
- ask someone who knows the person well
- based on real world (or the person’s projection into the world)
- limitations: people might act differently in different contexts
2
Q
Life outcome (L) data
A
- verifiable, objective
- interpretation of data is subjective
- many variables can affect outcome besides personality
3
Q
Behavioral (B) data
A
- watch what the person does for yourself
- multi-determined: lots of reasons why they might act a certain way
- don’t know what is going on in their mind when the act
4
Q
Self-judgement (S) data
A
- ask the person directly
- individual’s subjective experience/judgement
- can be biased, self-presentation
5
Q
Why are we drawn to personality tests?
A
- self-discovery
- become the person we want to be
- identify settings in which we will thrive
- tell others about ourselves (way of shaping our environment)
6
Q
Correlation coefficient
A
-size of an effect or association between two variables, x and y
7
Q
p-level
A
probability that the result would occur (by chance) if the null hypothesis were true
8
Q
Binomial Effect Size Display
A
- converts magnitude of a correlation that are more clinically significant
- divide correlation by two, add or subtract to 50
9
Q
What three factors make good measures of personality?
A
- Validity
- Reliability
- Generalizability
10
Q
Validity
A
- does it measure what it says its measuring
- degree to which an instrument reflects what it is supposed to measure
- convergent
- discriminant
- predictive
- depends on reliability
11
Q
Convergent validity
A
- does it relate to what it is supposed to be related to?
- is it associated with other measures that measure the same thing
12
Q
Discriminant validity
A
-it doesn’t relate to things it shouldn’t be related to
13
Q
Predictive validity
A
-relates to meaningful behaviors and outcomes
14
Q
Reliability
A
-is it consistent?
-reduced by error
-increased by :
standardizing procedures
making relevant to participant
aggregating items
- may not increase the validity of the measurement
-for self-report measures: internal consistency and test-retest important
15
Q
Internal consistency
A
Items on the measure that are supposed to measure the same thing are highly correlated
16
Q
Test-retest
A
The same person will receive the same score at different times
17
Q
Generalizability
A
Validity and reliability hold across cultural contexts
18
Q
Who created the Myers-Briggs Personality measure
A
Katerine Briggs and her daugther Isabel Briggs Myers
19
Q
Is Myers-Briggs a good measure of personality?
A
- convergent validity: yes (for extraversion and conscientiousness)
- discriminant: mixed
- predictive: mixed
- internal consistency: yes
- test-retest: yes for continuous, not for type
- don’t know if they are generalizable
20
Q
Problems with the Myers-Briggs
A
- poor reliability and validity
- oversimplification of Jungian types
- no norms
- you don’t know what your score means compared to other people
- ambiguity in interpreting the scores
- correlates to better measures (which we can use instead)
- breaks up personality into types instead of a continuum
21
Q
Gordon Allport
A
- had assistant find all of the terms in the dictionary that relate to personality
- about 18,000 words
22
Q
Fundamental Lexical Hypothesis
A
if a word is important, it will be in a language
23
Q
Raymond Cattell
A
- 16 traits
- self-report inventory
- used factor analysis
24
Q
Factor analysis
A
- summarizes interrelations among a set of variables
- reduces many variables into basic/important elements
- identifies groups, clusters, factors, or related items
25
Limitations of factor analysis
- factors depend on what you include in the analysis
- factors are defined by the researcher
- factors are often difficult to interpret
26
The Big Five
- Openness
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Agreeableness
- Neuroticism
27
Neuroticism
- anxiety
- hostility
- depression
- self-consciousness
- impulsiveness
- vulnerability to stress
- anger
28
Neuroticism questionnaire items
- I am not a worrier (reverse)
| - I often feel inferior to others
29
Ozer and Benet-Martinez (2006)
meta analysis about the big five traits and outcome measures
30
The more neurotic you are... (individual, interpersonal, institutional)
- the more unhappy, harder to cope
- worse family relations
- more dissatisfied with job, more likely to engage in crime
31
Neuroticism and affective state
more neuroticism associted with more reports of hostility and nervousness
32
Extraversion
- warmth
- gregariousness
- assertiveness
- activity
- excitement
- seeking positive emotion
33
Extraversion questionnaire items
-I like to have a lot of people around me
34
The more extroverted you are...
- happier, more grateful, longer life, healthier
- more accepted by peers, more successful dates and relationships
- more satisfied with job, more involved in community, better leader
35
Extraversion and affective state
high correlation with HAP
36
Agreeableness
- trust
- straightforward
- altruistic
- modest
- temper-minded
- compliance
37
agreeableness questionnaire items
-I try to be courteous
38
the more agreeable you are..
- more forgiving, religious, funnier, longer life, happier
- more accepted by peers, more satisfied with dates
- more social interests, higher job attainment, avoid criminal behavior
39
Conscientiousness
- self-discipline
- dutifulness
- competence
- order
- deliberation
- achievement striving
40
conscientiousness questionnaire items
- I am a productive person who always gets the job done
- I strive for excellence in everything I do
- I keep my belongings neat and clean
41
The more conscientious you are...
- more religious, longer life, healthier, avoid drug use
- satisfied with dates and family
- better job performance, politically conservative, avoid criminal behavior
42
Openness
- fantasy
- aesthetics
- feelings
- actions
- values
43
openness questionnaire items
- I don't like to wast my time daydreaming (reverse)
| - I often enjoy playing with theories or abstract ideas
44
The more open you are...
- more forgiving, more inspired
| - more interested in arts, more politically liberal
45
Hierarchical view of personality
Three factor model
46
Three factor model
- Negative emotionality
- positive emotionality
- constraint
47
Negative emotionality
-neuroticism
48
Positive emotionality
- extraversion
| - agreeableness
49
Constraint
- conscientiousness
- openness
- agreeableness
- ability to regulate and control emotions
- interpersonal relatedness (comes up in Chinese culture?) would probably be under constraint
- higher order regulation
50
Do global reports relate to personality in daily life?
yes
51
Will Fleeson (2001) students with pagers
- asked at random intervals how they felt (e.g. during the previous hour how well does 'talkative' describe you?" (daily rating)
- compared to NEO (global rating)
- people showed all traits
- distribution of daily ratings highly correlated with global ratings
52
Do self reports of personality correspond to peer report?
Yes (about 0.51)
53
Kelly/Connolly Longitudinal Study
- longitudinal 20-70 yrs old
- 300 engaged Anglo American middle class CT couples
- kids sent card when participants died
- also self and peer rated
- used by jackson to measure what traits predict longevity
- men: C, O
- women: A, Emotional stability
54
Joshua Jackson: Are you or your friends ratings of personality better at predicting when you will die?
- peer ratings predicted longevity better than self-ratings
- men: conscientiousness and openness were predictors
- women: agreeableness and emotional stability were predictors
55
Does the NEO generalize across cultures
yes
56
Linguistic evidence for NEO generalization (Hofstee et al., 1997)
- 126 words (english, dutch, german)
- factor analysis
- N,C,A,E emerged in all three languages
- O similar in english /german
57
Openness and generalization
- lower internal consistency than other traits
| - varies across culture
58
Etic approach
- import Western questionnaires
| - translate and perform factor analysis to see if same traits appear
59
Problems with etic approach
- translation takes time
- cultural bias
- limited to words that are easily translated
- only shows that Western measures apply to other cultures (would they emerge naturally?
60
Translation-Back translation
-translate to other language then translate back to english
61
confirmatory factor analysis (Etic)
confirm hypothesis to see if same factors emerge
62
exploratory factory analysis
-which factors emerge
63
McCrae et al (1998) NEO in the Phillipines
- translated NEO
| - found factors emerged in both samples, similarly correlated
64
Emic approach
- use indigenous terms and scores
| - redevelop measures in other cultures
65
Chinese Personality Assessment Inventory (CPAI)
- adminstered CPAI and translated NEO
- factor analysis (exploratory)
- N,A,E,C in both
- O not in CPAI
- Interpersonal relatedness not found in NEO
66
Interpersonal relatedness
- accepting others' requests
- avoiding being indebted to others
- avoid offending others
- traditional practices
- obedience to elders
- dislike uncertainty
- makes sense in a collectivistic culture (Group goals)
67
Strenghts of Big Five
- based on language
- high reliability ad validity
- relativity to administer
- replicable across cultures except for openness
68
Limitations of the big five
- some parts of personality might not be represented in language
- can't yet claim if universal
- don't know goals, motivations, values
69
Schwarz & Boehnke, 2005 values
measure of values across cultures
- high reliability 0.7-0.9
- predicts religiosity
70
Value Priorities
- openness to change
- self-transcendence
- conservation
- self-enhancement
71
Openness to change
- stimulation
- self direction
- hedonism
72
self-transcendence
- universalism
- benevolence
- conformity
73
conservation
- tradition
| - security
74
self-enhancement
- power
| - achievement
