People In Business : Unit 20 -24 Flashcards
- What is training?
process that involves increasing the knowledge and skills of a worker to enable them to do their job mor effectively.
- What are the two types of training?
- on the job training.
- off the job training.
- induction training.
- What is induction training?
training given to new employees when they first start a job.
- What is on-the-job training?
training that takes place while doing the job.
- What is off-the-job training?
- training that takes place away from the work area.
- What are the 3 methods of on-the-job training?
- watching another worker.
- mentoring.
- job rotation.
- What is mentoring?
where people with a lot of experience knowledge advise and help other people at work or young people preparing for work.
- What is supervision?
when you supervise someone or something
- What is job rotation?
- where employees alternate between different jobs during the course of their employment.
- What are the 4 advantages? and disadvantages of off-the-job training?
Ad: - - output is not affected if mistakes are made.
- learning cannot be distracted by work.
- training could take place outside work hours if necessary.
- customers and others are not at risk.
Dis Ad:- no output because employees do not contribute to work.
- some off-the-job training is expensive if provided by specialists.
- some aspects of work cannot be taught off the job.
- it may take time to organise.
- What are the 4 advantages? and disadvantages of on-the-job training?
ad:- output is being produced.
- relevant because trainees learn by actually doing the job.
- cheaper than other forms of training.
- can be easy to organize.
disad:- output may be lost if workers make mistakes.
- may be stressful for the worker.
- staff may get frustrated if they are unpaid trainers.
- could be a danger to others.
- What are the 5 benefits of training?
-Keep workers up to date.
- improving labor flexibility.
- improving job satisfaction and motivation.
- new jobs in the business.
- training for promotion.
- What are the 4 limitations of training?
- high cost of training courses and other resources.
- learning by doing.
- loss output.
- employees leaving.
- What is motivation?
-MOTIVATION is the reason why employees want to work hard and work effectively for the business
it is the desire/encouragement to work.
- What is the motivation of employees important to a business? (5)
- Easier to attract employees.
- easier to retain employees.
- higher labor productivity
- lower levels of absenteeism.
-good reputation.
- What is the Herzberg two-factor theory?
it is the theory where motivators and hygiene factors would lead to job satisfaction.
- Who and when was Herzberg two factor theory found?
Frederick Herzberg discovered in the 1960s.
- What are hygiene factors? What are the 6 factors?
hygiene factors things at work that result in dissatisfaction.
- Pay.
- Working conditions.
- Job security.
- quality of supervision.
- Staff relationships.
- Company policy.
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- What are motivators? What are the 6 motivators?
motivators things at work that result in satisfaction.
- Acheiving aims.
- Chance of promotion.
- Responsibility.
- Interesting work.
- Recongnition.
- Personal development.
- What is job enrichment?
making a job more challenging and interesting.
- Who and when was Maslow’s hierarchy found?
Abraham Maslow was recognised in 1943.
- What are the 5 needs in Maslow’s hierarchy?
- Physiological needs.
- safety and security.
- Social needs.
- Self-esteem.
- Self-actualization.
- How are the 5 needs provided by the organization?
- Physiological needs. - Adequate pay.
- safety and security. - Job security and safe working conditions.
- Social needs:- Teamwork, good communication systems.
- Self-esteem.:- praise for doing a good job. awards rewards for achievement.
- Self-actualization.:- Opportunities to be challenged, be creative, solve problems and make decisions
- What is remuneration?
- money paid to employees for their work or services.
- What are the 5 methods of remuneration?
- Time rate.
- Piece rate.
- Performance-related pay.
- Bonus payments.
- Commission.
- What is time rate?
payment system based on the amount of time employees spend at work.
- What is gross pay?
pay before deductions such as, tax.
- What are bonus payments?
payment in addition to basic wages for reaching targets or in recognition for service.
- What is the commission?
payment based on the value of sales usually as a percentage of sales made.
- What is Taylor’s theory of scientific management? Who found it ? when?
That people are most motivated by money.
Frederick Taylor in 1911.
- What are fringe benefits? 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages.
– these are noncash benefits given to employees. or perks over and above the normal wage or salary.
- What is net pay?
take home pay, that is, pay after deductions.
- What is overtime pay?
- rate of pay above the normal rate to compensate employees for working extra hours.
- what is piece rate?
payment system where workers receive an amount of money for each unit produced.
- what is salary?
- pay, usually to non-manual workers, expressed as a yearly figure but paid monthly.
- What is performance-related pay?
payment system designed for non-manual workers where pay increases are given if performance targets are met.
- What are the 3 advantages and 2 disadvantages of time rate?
Ad:✓ This makes it easy to calculate the worker’s wages.
- Wage calculation takes time.
-Good and bad workers are paid the same amount of money.
DisAD: Supervisors have to make sure that all workers are working: this is expensive because
more supervisors are needed.
A clocking-in system is needed to determine the hours worked by the employees.
- What is procees of performance related pay. the 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of performance- related pay?
PROCESS
- discuss progress at work.
- assess whether targets have been met.
- set new targets for the next year.
AD:-
It can act as an incentive to increase employee performance and efficiency.
It can improve motivation, focus, and morale in the workplace.
It can assist to achieve a strong bond between employee and company.
DISAD:-
- some workers feel like it’s unfair.
-financial incentives may not be high enough to motivate workers.
-workers may feel targets are too demanding.
- some workers may blame other factors if targets are dismissed.
- What are the 1 advantages and 3 disadvantages of piece rate?
AD;
✓ It encourages workers to work faster and produce more.
DISAD:
Workers may concentrate on producing large quantities and ignore quality.
Careful workers will not earn as much as those who rush, so it is not fair.
If machines break down, workers will earn less money. Guaranteed minimum wage is
paid to avoid this.
- What are the 3 nonfinancial rewards?
- Job rotation.
-Job Enrichment.
-Autonomy/empowerment.
- What is job rotation?
- where employees alternate between different jobs during the course of their employment.
- What is job enrichment?
- making a job more challenging and interesting.
- What is autonomy/empowerment?
- giving workers the authority to make choices and decisions about the way they work.
- What are the 3 advantages of autonomy? 3 disadvantages?
AD: Higher involvement and motivation.
- Employees feel free in a way.
DISAD: - Employees may not like too much work.
- Employees might expect higher pay.
- What is a formal organization?
- internal structure of a business as shown by an organization chart.
- What is an organizational chart?
- organizational chart is a diagram that shows the different job roles in a business and how they relate to each other.
- What are the 6 an organization chart shows?
- Functions and departments in the business.
-Roles and job titles of employees. - responsibility.
- to whom people are accountable.
- communication channels.
- the relationship between different positions in the business.
- Who is a director? Manager? Supervisor? Operative? General staff? Professional staff?
Director: appointed by the owners to run the business.
Manager: responsible for planning, controlling, organizing, motivating, problem-solving, and decision-making.
Supervisor: monitors the work in their particular area.
Operative: they are skilled workers.
General Staff: people who don’t have a specific skills such as accounting clerks.
Professional staff: are skilled and highly trained.
- Who is the payroll officer?
- someone who is responsible for the administration of workers’ pay in an organization.
- What is a chain of command?
- route through which orders are passed down in the hierarchy.
- What is a span of control?
- number of people a person is directly responsible for in a business.
- What is decentralized? centralized?
- decentralized: type of organization system where decision making is passed down the chain of command and away from the top.
-Centralized:- type of organization system where most decisions are made at the top of the organization and then passed down the chain of command
53, What are the 4 advantages of centralized? 4 disadvantages of centralized?
AD;
- senior management has complete control over resources.
- senior managers are trained and experienced in decision-making
- prevents parts of the business from acting independently.
DISAD: - employees will be demotivated.
- less creativity and fewer ideas.
- maybe needed to make decision-making easier.
- the top may be out of touch with the needs of customers served by local employees.
53, What are the 4 advantages of decentralized? 4 disadvantages of decentralized?
AD:
- may be better motivated.
- speeds up decision-making.
- pressure off senior managers by reducing their workload.
- More promotion opportunities at the different managerial levels.
DISAD:
- Senior managers lose control of resources.
- Costs may be higher owing to less standardization and more variability.
- May not have the ability to make decisions.
- may not welcome the extra responsibility.
- What are the two types of organizational structures?
-Flat structures.
- Tall(hierarchical) structures.
- What is delegation? why might delegation be a disadvantage to manager?
- delegation is when authority passes down work from superior to subordinate.
(i) - Some managers are reluctant to delegate because they are afraid employees may make
mistake and he will be blamed or - That the employee may do a better job than him and this may make him feel insecure.
delegation 3 advantages of it to the manager and 3 advantages to subordinate?
AD to managers:
- Managers cannot do every job themselves.
* Managers are less likely to make mistakes if some of the tasks are being performed by
their subordinates.
* Managers can measure the success of their staff more easily.
AD to subordinate:
The work becomes more interesting and rewarding.
* The employee feels more important.
* Delegation helps to train workers and they can make progress in the organization. It
gives them career opportunities.
- What are the 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages of a flat organizational structure?
AD: - communication is better.
- management costs are lower.
- control may be friendly and less formal there is more direct contact.
DisAD:-
- no promotional motivation.
- may be to friendly no sense of accountability.
- What are the 2 advantages and 2 disadvantages of a tall structure?
Ad:-
- may clear route for promotion that help to motivate staff.
-control tends to be more formal and less friendly.
Disad:-
- communication is power.
- management costs will be higher.
- What are trade unions?
- organizations, usually in a particular trade or profession, that represent workers, especially in meeting with employers.
- What are the 4 departments in a business?
- Human resources department.
- Finance department.
- Marketing department.
- Production department.
- What are the 10 main tasks that should be completed by human resource management?
- Workforce planning.
- Recruitment and selection.
- Training.
- Health and safety.
- Staff welfare.
- Employment issues.
- Industrial relations.
- Disciplinary and grievance procedures.
- Dismissal.
- Redundancy.
(WRRITHESDD)
- What are contracts of employment?
- written agreements between an employer and an employee in which each has certain obligations.
- What is unfair dismissal?
- when worker is dismissed illegally by a business.
- What are the 5 main tasks to finance department?
(FD)
- Recording transactions.
- Wages and salaries.
- credit control.
- Cash flow forecasting and budgets.
- accounts.
(FD recruited Tanya, walarie, cyra, cataya, anya)
- What are the 9 tasks by the marketing department?
- market research
- Product planning.
- Pricing.
- Sales Promotion.
- Advertising.
- Customer service.
- Public relations.
- Packaging.
- Distribution.
- What are the 5 activities that should be carried out by production department? PD a fashion design.
- design.
- Purchasing.
- stock control.
- maintenance.
- Research and development.
