People Flashcards
William Whyte
“The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces” – 1980
“The Last Landscape” he coined term “Green-way”
Revealed moral aspect of planning- responsibility to create healthy public places
Reported finding systematic study of factors that contribute to success of urban spaces
Factors: abundance of public spaces, active street life, ability to purchase food and drink
Emphasized importance of environment psychology and sociology in urban design
Wrote pioneering study of conservation easements
George Perkins Marsh
“Man and Nature” – 1864
Explored the destructive nature of human impact on environment and inspired the conservationist movement
Paulo Soleri
Advocated for building mega-structures that begin underground and leave nature undisturbed
Major development project: Arcosanti in Arizona – 1970. Project demonstrated concepts that architecture should be coherent with natural environment.
Arcology- Architecture Ecology
Theodore Roosevelt
Established an Inland Waterlay Commission in 1907
to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development, including navigation, power, irrigation, flood control and water supply
26th President and supported the conservation movement
Paul Davidoff
Father of advocacy planning
Argued planners should not be value-neutral public servants but should represent special needs and interest groups
Ebenezer Howard
Garden Cities of Tomorrow - 1898
Promoted concept of garden cities in part to overcome social inequities and economic inefficiency of urban areas.
Gifford Pinchot
America’s first professional forester
Appointed to Director of U.S. Forest Service in 1905 by T.R.
Leader of the conservation movement
Advocated for both the preservation & scientific management of natural resources
John Logan and Harrel Molotuh
Urban development is actually directed by those elite members of the community who control the resources, have businesses, political interests that benefit from the development
Proposed in 1987
Jane Jacobs
She was an American-Canadian Journalist, author, and activist best known for her influence on urban studies
Published Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961
Discussed importance of design in terms of uses, orientation, mix of uses, safety, public sidewalk life, other factors
Advocate for mix of uses, short blocks and pedestrian scale, development to create vibrant cities and increase safety with continual activity and eyes on the story.
Stood up to Robert Moses trying to overhaul Greenwich Village
George Pullman
Inventor and industrializer
Raised city blocks in Chicago
Pullman Sleeper Train
Pullman, IL model of Industrial town for employees of his railcar company. It had advanced amenities (indoor plumbing, gas, sewers). No owners, all rentals.
1880s
Clarence Perry
Invented concept of neighborhood unit
“Neighborhood Unit: A Scheme of Arrangement for the Family-Life Community” in volume VII of Regional Survey of New York and its environs – 1929
Louis Wirth
“Urbanism as a Way of Life” 1938 - Essay
Argued for urbanism as prevailing way of life in society
Claimed that density of cities influences the behavior of people and their relationships.
Influences behavior and damages family life- fewer children, single longer, city does not foster same family ties as country living
Frank Lloyd Wright
“Disappearing City” 1932
Decentralized and assumed transportation would be by private automobiles
Advocated for sprawling, decongested type of auto-oriented development
Presented a Utopian vision of the landscape of American called Broad Acre City which each home was situated at least an acre of land and each owned a car.
Architect
James Rouse
Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls
Used model of a colonial village to build the planned community of Columbia, MD (New Town)
Rejuvenated dying downtowns by introducing festival market places including Fanevil Hall (Boston) Inn Harbor (Baltimore) and South Street Seaport (New York)
Kevin Lynch
“Image of the City” 1960
Explained the findings of a study showing which elements of the built environment are important to the ease with which people understand layout
Network of paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks contribute to the image of a city and if they are not confusing they are imaginable
Harris and Ullman
Chauncey Harris and Edwards Ullman
Multiple Nuclei Theory -urban areas grow by the progressive integration of a # of separate nuclei, which become specialized and differentiated
LeCorbusier
French/Swiss Architect
Radiant City, composed of mainly skyscrapers for very high density working and living surround by commonly oval pattern space
Promoted large scale grid of arterial streets, super-blocks of high rise towers and individual zones for factory/commercial/government uses
Radiant City example of modernism Congress International of Architecture 1928-1959
Norman Krumholz
Cleveland’s Planning Director 1969-1979
Strong proponent of equity planning, defined as working to serve the city’s poor and minority residents
Allan Jacobs
Planner from San Francisco
“Making City Planning Work” 1985
Wrote “Great Streets” 1995 – analyzed qualities and quantities of features that make great streets
Robert Long
“Endless Cities” 2002
Endless Cities are the dominant urban form with large isolated suburban office complexes that are not accessible by pedestrians or by train.
Joel Garreau
“Edge Cities” 1991
Edge Cities area distinct place that was not anything like a city 30 years ago; has smaller square feet of leaseable office, 600,000 square feet of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms
John Muir
Founded Sierra Club in 1892 to promote protection and preservation of natural resources
Ernest Burgess
Concentric Ring Theory 1925
proposed that urban areas grew outward as a series of concentric rings
Pierre L’Enfant
French architect and engineer
Designed Washington D.C.
Symbolic representation of power radiating from a central source
Ian McHarg
“Design with Nature” 1965
Spelled out need for planners to consider an environmentally conscious approach to land use and provide new method for evaluating and implementing
Most important landscape architect since Frederick Law Olmsted
Rachel Carson
“Silent Spring” 1962
Alerted the nation to the harmful effects of pesticides on animal, plant, and human life.
1907-1964
Homer Hoyt
Sector Theory – 1939
Proposed the idea that urban areas developed by sectors. The sectors form along communication and transportation routes
Patrick Geddes
Father of Regional Planning
“Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics” 1915
Discussed how planning should preserve unique historic character of city and involve citizens in the city’s planning and development
Founder of modern town and regional planning
Introduced the concept of the region
Fredrick Law Olmsted
Father/Founder of American Landscape Architecture and Nation’s foremost park maker
Central Park, NYC
Daniel Burnham
Wrote World’s Columbia Exposition Plan for Chicago - First Comprehensive Plan
Invented the City Beautiful Movement
Wrote the 1901 Chicago Plan with Edward Bennett. Plan featured water front parks, prominent civic buildings, and applied principles of monumental city design
William Alonso
Bid Rent Theory – 1960
Proposed that the cost of land, intensity or development of land, the concentration of the population and the number of places of employment each decline as distance from the Central Business District increases.
Location and Land Use – 1964
Andres Duany
Founded the Congress for New Urbanism with Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Peter Calthorpe
Advocate for New Urbanism of neo-traditional design
Design factored higher density development with mixed housing and commercial development for alternate modes of transportation
Example: Seaside, Florida 1982; neighborhood walkability, mixed use, grid street pattern, moderate and high density, rear parking for commercial. Seaside is 35+ years out, seaside is financially successful and almost completely built out
John Wesley Powell
“Lands for the Arid Region of the US” 1878
Included a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources
Davioloff and Reiner
“A Choice Theory of Planning”
Planning consists of sequential tasks:
Value formation: widen and publicize choices concerning future conditions or goals
Means Identification: identify and evaluate a universe of means
Effectuation: implement and monitor
Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber
“Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning” - Notion of “wicked problems”
Wicked problems – each attempt to create a solution changes the nature of the problem; problem cannot be well-defined:
Goals and means are uncertain
Diverse interest
5-20 years before results discerned
Feedback and corrective actions are difficult
Andreas Faludi
“A Reader in Planning Theory”
Normative procedural theory of planning
Integrate public participation
Martin Meyerson and Edward Banfield
“Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest”
Introduced the rational planning process in the context of a study of public housing in Chicago
Saul Alinsky
Founder of modern community organizing
American community organizer and writer
Known for “Rules for Radicals” which outlined his views on organizing for community power often using unorthodox methods
Peter Calthorpe
One of the founders of the Congress is the New Urbanism (CNU)
Developer of the concept of transit oriented design (TOD) which involves mixed-use residential and commercial areas to maximize access to public transit, and incorporates specific features such as walkability, to encourage transit ridership
Norman Krumholtz
City Planning Director of Cleveland
Did trailblazing work in urban equity planning- An approach to urban development that sees economic and environmental crises as opportunities for making cities more equitable just in the way they serve their poorest citizens and those with little political influence
John Degrove
Considered Father of Growth Management in Florida
Planning Policy and Politics: Smart Growth and the States (2005)
Land, Growth, and Politics (1984)
Robert Caro
“The Power Broker: Rovert Moses and the Fall of New York”
Randall Ardendt
“Rural by Design” - 1994
Addresses how small towns grow and maintain their small town character through sprawl avoidance, greenways, compatible design, density, cluster development, good site and open space planning and farmland preservation
T.J. Kent, Jr.
“The Urban General Plan” 1964
It provides a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban general plan (comprehensive plan) and how it was being in the 1960s.
ii
Emphasized the role of plans in establishing a goal and policy framework for the future, coupled with subjecting the development of that framework to public debate
Sherry Arnstein
a. Ladder of citizen participation
i. Citizen Control (Degrees of Citizen Power 1-3)
ii. Delegated Power
iii. Partnership
iv. Placation (Degrees of Tokenism 4-6)
v. Consultation
vi. Informing
vii. Therapy (Non-participation 7-8)
viii. Manipulation
John Rawls 1971
Principle of justice is that infrastructure investments should do as much as possible to favor those who are most disadvantaged
Kevin Lynch
“Image of the City” 1960
“Good City Form” 1981
Charles Lindblom
“The Science of Muddling Through” 1959
Planning less scientific and comprehensive and more politically interactive and experiential
Make decisions based on limited knowledge
Rexford Tugwell
A vision of science contributing to guide social choices and guide the irrational decisions of politicians
Conceived of society as a complex organism and planning as a central brain and nervous systems coordinating its functions for the betterment of the whole (planning as the 4th power of government)
John Friedman
Transactive planning
Carried out face-to-face with people affected by planning decisions with involvement throughout the plan decision making process
Emphasizes personal and organizational development and not just achievement of functional objectives
Patrick Geddes
“Father of Regional Planning”
Wrote “Cities in Evolution”
Scottish biologist, sociologist, by training
Developed valley and town cross sections depicting the inter-relationship of natural resources, transportation, and economies
Richard Florida
The Rise of Creative Class: And How it’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Every day Life
Discusses how the presence of creative people can drive urban growth and competitiveness
Erik Larson
“The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America
Follows the events surrounding 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago that included the first large-scale elaboration of the city beautiful movement and obstacles faced by Burnham and Olmsted
Jean Gottman
French geographer
“Megalopolis, or the urbanization of the northeastern seaboard”
Seminal study on the urban region of the northeast
Donald Shoup
Wrote “The High Price of Free Parking”
Clarence Stein
Known for his work on the Garden City movement
Involved in development of garden cities under the rural resettlement administration including Radburn and the for-profit developments of Sunnyside Gardens, NY
Edward Bassett
Considered Farther of Zoning
Prepared first comprehensive zoning ordinance in New York City in 1916
Harland Bartholomew
1st fulltime planner, worked in St. Louis
Designed Crossett, Arkansas
Walter Christaller 1893-1969
“Central Places in Southern Germany” 1933
German geographer
Central Place Theory attributed to him
