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AICP Exam > People > Flashcards

People Flashcards

1
Q

William Whyte

A

“The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces” – 1980

“The Last Landscape” he coined term “Green-way”

Revealed moral aspect of planning- responsibility to create healthy public places

Reported finding systematic study of factors that contribute to success of urban spaces

Factors: abundance of public spaces, active street life, ability to purchase food and drink

Emphasized importance of environment psychology and sociology in urban design

Wrote pioneering study of conservation easements

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2
Q

George Perkins Marsh

A

“Man and Nature” – 1864

Explored the destructive nature of human impact on environment and inspired the conservationist movement

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3
Q

Paulo Soleri

A

Advocated for building mega-structures that begin underground and leave nature undisturbed

Major development project: Arcosanti in Arizona – 1970. Project demonstrated concepts that architecture should be coherent with natural environment.

Arcology- Architecture Ecology

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4
Q

Theodore Roosevelt

A

Established an Inland Waterlay Commission in 1907

to encourage multipurpose planning in waterway development, including navigation, power, irrigation, flood control and water supply

26th President and supported the conservation movement

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5
Q

Paul Davidoff

A

Father of advocacy planning

Argued planners should not be value-neutral public servants but should represent special needs and interest groups

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6
Q

Ebenezer Howard

A

Garden Cities of Tomorrow - 1898

Promoted concept of garden cities in part to overcome social inequities and economic inefficiency of urban areas.

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7
Q

Gifford Pinchot

A

America’s first professional forester

Appointed to Director of U.S. Forest Service in 1905 by T.R.

Leader of the conservation movement

Advocated for both the preservation & scientific management of natural resources

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8
Q

John Logan and Harrel Molotuh

A

Urban development is actually directed by those elite members of the community who control the resources, have businesses, political interests that benefit from the development

Proposed in 1987

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9
Q

Jane Jacobs

A

She was an American-Canadian Journalist, author, and activist best known for her influence on urban studies

Published Death and Life of Great American Cities 1961

Discussed importance of design in terms of uses, orientation, mix of uses, safety, public sidewalk life, other factors

Advocate for mix of uses, short blocks and pedestrian scale, development to create vibrant cities and increase safety with continual activity and eyes on the story.

Stood up to Robert Moses trying to overhaul Greenwich Village

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10
Q

George Pullman

A

Inventor and industrializer

Raised city blocks in Chicago

Pullman Sleeper Train

Pullman, IL model of Industrial town for employees of his railcar company. It had advanced amenities (indoor plumbing, gas, sewers). No owners, all rentals.
1880s

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11
Q

Clarence Perry

A

Invented concept of neighborhood unit

“Neighborhood Unit: A Scheme of Arrangement for the Family-Life Community” in volume VII of Regional Survey of New York and its environs – 1929

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12
Q

Louis Wirth

A

“Urbanism as a Way of Life” 1938 - Essay

Argued for urbanism as prevailing way of life in society

Claimed that density of cities influences the behavior of people and their relationships.

Influences behavior and damages family life- fewer children, single longer, city does not foster same family ties as country living

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13
Q

Frank Lloyd Wright

A

“Disappearing City” 1932

Decentralized and assumed transportation would be by private automobiles

Advocated for sprawling, decongested type of auto-oriented development

Presented a Utopian vision of the landscape of American called Broad Acre City which each home was situated at least an acre of land and each owned a car.

Architect

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14
Q

James Rouse

A

Pioneered development of indoor shopping malls

Used model of a colonial village to build the planned community of Columbia, MD (New Town)

Rejuvenated dying downtowns by introducing festival market places including Fanevil Hall (Boston) Inn Harbor (Baltimore) and South Street Seaport (New York)

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15
Q

Kevin Lynch

A

“Image of the City” 1960

Explained the findings of a study showing which elements of the built environment are important to the ease with which people understand layout

Network of paths, edges, districts, nodes, and landmarks contribute to the image of a city and if they are not confusing they are imaginable

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16
Q

Harris and Ullman

A

Chauncey Harris and Edwards Ullman

Multiple Nuclei Theory -urban areas grow by the progressive integration of a # of separate nuclei, which become specialized and differentiated

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17
Q

LeCorbusier

A

French/Swiss Architect

Radiant City, composed of mainly skyscrapers for very high density working and living surround by commonly oval pattern space

Promoted large scale grid of arterial streets, super-blocks of high rise towers and individual zones for factory/commercial/government uses

Radiant City example of modernism Congress International of Architecture 1928-1959

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18
Q

Norman Krumholz

A

Cleveland’s Planning Director 1969-1979

Strong proponent of equity planning, defined as working to serve the city’s poor and minority residents

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19
Q

Allan Jacobs

A

Planner from San Francisco

“Making City Planning Work” 1985

Wrote “Great Streets” 1995 – analyzed qualities and quantities of features that make great streets

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20
Q

Robert Long

A

“Endless Cities” 2002

Endless Cities are the dominant urban form with large isolated suburban office complexes that are not accessible by pedestrians or by train.

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21
Q

Joel Garreau

A

“Edge Cities” 1991

Edge Cities area distinct place that was not anything like a city 30 years ago; has smaller square feet of leaseable office, 600,000 square feet of retail, and more jobs than bedrooms

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22
Q

John Muir

A

Founded Sierra Club in 1892 to promote protection and preservation of natural resources

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23
Q

Ernest Burgess

A

Concentric Ring Theory 1925

proposed that urban areas grew outward as a series of concentric rings

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24
Q

Pierre L’Enfant

A

French architect and engineer

Designed Washington D.C.

Symbolic representation of power radiating from a central source

25
Q

Ian McHarg

A

“Design with Nature” 1965

Spelled out need for planners to consider an environmentally conscious approach to land use and provide new method for evaluating and implementing

Most important landscape architect since Frederick Law Olmsted

26
Q

Rachel Carson

A

“Silent Spring” 1962

Alerted the nation to the harmful effects of pesticides on animal, plant, and human life.
1907-1964

27
Q

Homer Hoyt

A

Sector Theory – 1939

Proposed the idea that urban areas developed by sectors. The sectors form along communication and transportation routes

28
Q

Patrick Geddes

A

Father of Regional Planning

“Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town Planning Movement and to the Study of Civics” 1915

Discussed how planning should preserve unique historic character of city and involve citizens in the city’s planning and development

Founder of modern town and regional planning

Introduced the concept of the region

29
Q

Fredrick Law Olmsted

A

Father/Founder of American Landscape Architecture and Nation’s foremost park maker

Central Park, NYC

30
Q

Daniel Burnham

A

Wrote World’s Columbia Exposition Plan for Chicago - First Comprehensive Plan

Invented the City Beautiful Movement

Wrote the 1901 Chicago Plan with Edward Bennett. Plan featured water front parks, prominent civic buildings, and applied principles of monumental city design

31
Q

William Alonso

A

Bid Rent Theory – 1960

Proposed that the cost of land, intensity or development of land, the concentration of the population and the number of places of employment each decline as distance from the Central Business District increases.

Location and Land Use – 1964

32
Q

Andres Duany

A

Founded the Congress for New Urbanism with Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Peter Calthorpe

Advocate for New Urbanism of neo-traditional design

Design factored higher density development with mixed housing and commercial development for alternate modes of transportation

Example: Seaside, Florida 1982; neighborhood walkability, mixed use, grid street pattern, moderate and high density, rear parking for commercial. Seaside is 35+ years out, seaside is financially successful and almost completely built out

33
Q

John Wesley Powell

A

“Lands for the Arid Region of the US” 1878

Included a proposed regional plan that would both foster settlement of the arid west and conserve scarce water resources

34
Q

Davioloff and Reiner

A

“A Choice Theory of Planning”

Planning consists of sequential tasks:
Value formation: widen and publicize choices concerning future conditions or goals
Means Identification: identify and evaluate a universe of means
Effectuation: implement and monitor

35
Q

Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber

A

“Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning” - Notion of “wicked problems”

Wicked problems – each attempt to create a solution changes the nature of the problem; problem cannot be well-defined:
Goals and means are uncertain
Diverse interest
5-20 years before results discerned
Feedback and corrective actions are difficult

36
Q

Andreas Faludi

A

“A Reader in Planning Theory”

Normative procedural theory of planning

Integrate public participation

37
Q

Martin Meyerson and Edward Banfield

A

“Politics, Planning, and the Public Interest”

Introduced the rational planning process in the context of a study of public housing in Chicago

38
Q

Saul Alinsky

A

Founder of modern community organizing

American community organizer and writer

Known for “Rules for Radicals” which outlined his views on organizing for community power often using unorthodox methods

39
Q

Peter Calthorpe

A

One of the founders of the Congress is the New Urbanism (CNU)

Developer of the concept of transit oriented design (TOD) which involves mixed-use residential and commercial areas to maximize access to public transit, and incorporates specific features such as walkability, to encourage transit ridership

40
Q

Norman Krumholtz

A

City Planning Director of Cleveland

Did trailblazing work in urban equity planning- An approach to urban development that sees economic and environmental crises as opportunities for making cities more equitable just in the way they serve their poorest citizens and those with little political influence

41
Q

John Degrove

A

Considered Father of Growth Management in Florida

Planning Policy and Politics: Smart Growth and the States (2005)

Land, Growth, and Politics (1984)

42
Q

Robert Caro

A

“The Power Broker: Rovert Moses and the Fall of New York”

43
Q

Randall Ardendt

A

“Rural by Design” - 1994

Addresses how small towns grow and maintain their small town character through sprawl avoidance, greenways, compatible design, density, cluster development, good site and open space planning and farmland preservation

44
Q

T.J. Kent, Jr.

A

“The Urban General Plan” 1964

It provides a history of the use, characteristics, and purpose of the urban general plan (comprehensive plan) and how it was being in the 1960s.
ii
Emphasized the role of plans in establishing a goal and policy framework for the future, coupled with subjecting the development of that framework to public debate

45
Q

Sherry Arnstein

A

a. Ladder of citizen participation
i. Citizen Control (Degrees of Citizen Power 1-3)
ii. Delegated Power
iii. Partnership
iv. Placation (Degrees of Tokenism 4-6)
v. Consultation
vi. Informing
vii. Therapy (Non-participation 7-8)
viii. Manipulation

46
Q

John Rawls 1971

A

Principle of justice is that infrastructure investments should do as much as possible to favor those who are most disadvantaged

47
Q

Kevin Lynch

A

“Image of the City” 1960

“Good City Form” 1981

48
Q

Charles Lindblom

A

“The Science of Muddling Through” 1959

Planning less scientific and comprehensive and more politically interactive and experiential

Make decisions based on limited knowledge

49
Q

Rexford Tugwell

A

A vision of science contributing to guide social choices and guide the irrational decisions of politicians

Conceived of society as a complex organism and planning as a central brain and nervous systems coordinating its functions for the betterment of the whole (planning as the 4th power of government)

50
Q

John Friedman

A

Transactive planning

Carried out face-to-face with people affected by planning decisions with involvement throughout the plan decision making process

Emphasizes personal and organizational development and not just achievement of functional objectives

51
Q

Patrick Geddes

A

“Father of Regional Planning”

Wrote “Cities in Evolution”

Scottish biologist, sociologist, by training

Developed valley and town cross sections depicting the inter-relationship of natural resources, transportation, and economies

52
Q

Richard Florida

A

The Rise of Creative Class: And How it’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Every day Life

Discusses how the presence of creative people can drive urban growth and competitiveness

53
Q

Erik Larson

A

“The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair that Changed America

Follows the events surrounding 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago that included the first large-scale elaboration of the city beautiful movement and obstacles faced by Burnham and Olmsted

54
Q

Jean Gottman

A

French geographer

“Megalopolis, or the urbanization of the northeastern seaboard”

Seminal study on the urban region of the northeast

55
Q

Donald Shoup

A

Wrote “The High Price of Free Parking”

56
Q

Clarence Stein

A

Known for his work on the Garden City movement

Involved in development of garden cities under the rural resettlement administration including Radburn and the for-profit developments of Sunnyside Gardens, NY

57
Q

Edward Bassett

A

Considered Farther of Zoning

Prepared first comprehensive zoning ordinance in New York City in 1916

58
Q

Harland Bartholomew

A

1st fulltime planner, worked in St. Louis

Designed Crossett, Arkansas

59
Q

Walter Christaller 1893-1969

A

“Central Places in Southern Germany” 1933

German geographer

Central Place Theory attributed to him

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