People

Question 1

Constable:

Answer 1

painted very realistic landscapes
love of nature, depiction of those who work in nature
Why did he include the Cathedrals in his paintings?
Connection between God and nature

Question 2

Friedrich:

Answer 2

German
painted solitary figures before sublime landscapes
Looked at nature as uncertain, not being sure what the future will bring
Typically painted oak trees, or other trees.
Melancholy undertones in his paintings
The Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog (moment of emotional and naturual drama)

Question 3

Turner:

Answer 3

English
landscape painter, painted Interior of Tintern Abbey, Slave Ship, etc.
Reminds us of impressionism, more focused on light than the objects (Rouen Cathedral)
He abhorred the industrial revolution (this is seen in Rain, Steam and Speed; dark train–red and black–in a beautiful landscape)
What are the differences between Constable and Turner, in terms of subject matter, focus, and placement?

Question 4

Goya:

Answer 4

Spanish
Depicted the fall and follies of Spanish society
He was the darkest of the Romantic painters (Spanish art tended to be a lot more intense than its contemporaries’ styles)
Was the court painter for the Spanish, but did not approve of the leadership.
Paintings were propaganda, against the empire
Did lithographs, etchings, and engravings

Question 5

Beethoven:

Answer 5

Austrian (born in Germany, raised in Austria)
key figure in transition from classical to romantic era
came from abusive home (drunkard father, locked him in his room)
eccentric personality, relied on Count Waldstein to take care of his affairs
Wrote his emotion, just like the poets, in his works.
Enlarged the orchestra in order to achieve a sufficient range of emotional expression.
Beethoven does what he wants.
Anti-utilitarian - The music was written for art’s sake, not to be used for masses or meetings, but to simply listen to.
Many of his works were written while he was deaf.
Embarrassed by the fact that he was deaf.
The 9th Symphony was an amazing mention to joy and how things are good and happy (based on a poem by a German Romantic poet)

Question 6

Berlioz:

Answer 6

autobiographical compositions
About a witches sabbath
there is a narrative, or story, to the music
PROGRAM MUSIC (given a program of music you can listen for, you can recognize parts of the story with the program)
Idee Fixe: melodic fragment of notes associated with a certain character

Question 7

Chopin

Answer 7

Polish
sought after composer/pianist who played in salon concerts
Very popular for nationalism
Died of Consumption as a young man
Lover = George Sand (female author)
Prodigy
Famous for writing Etudes: very difficult pieces
Wrote many “Nocturnes”

Question 8

Emerson:

Answer 8

Unitarian minister

wrote a lot about nature

Question 9

Thoreau:

Answer 9

abolitionist
lived on Emerson’s property in a small cabin
Known for writings on Civil Disobedience (HRS)

Question 10

Pugin:

Answer 10

designed the interior of the House of Parliament

wrote about the decay of taste overtime as seen by architecture

Question 11

Géricault:

Answer 11

French
painted Napoleon’s limitations, joined the Royal Musketeers
Wanted to show death and the insane.
The purpose of his art is to disturb and to move to action

Question 12

Delacroix:

Answer 12

Rubens with a high fever
Worked on many canvases at the same time
Often brought exotic scenes to Europeans (Greece, Algeria)
Painted scenes from Algiers, especially with the harems of the Algerians
Observing humanity and nature

Question 13

Ingres:

Answer 13

Odalisque (female slave or concubine) his subjects were not kept in proportion
classical romantic
Luxury-laden, sensual paintings, an idealized versions of the harems and sexual slavery of the women in Algeria
Exaggerated the length of the spines of women to make the painting more sensual. Also elongated the arms and legs for the same effect.

Question 14

Daumier:

Answer 14

political satire, drew lots of cartoons for the newspapers
one of the first political cartoonists, concerned with social injustice
did etchings, engravings, and prints
images of death; La Rue Transnonain has images similar to Gericault’s
understand social issues and political discourse

Question 15

Courbet:

Answer 15

leading realist painter, goal was to paint the world just as he saw it
Set up his own exhibitions because the other realists would not allow him to put his paintings with theirs
Decided to paint scenes from real life exactly how he saw them.
Connected with the common folk
art becomes less establishment, more rebellious

Question 16

Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)

Answer 16

nephew of Napoleon I elected as president of France

Question 17

Manet

Answer 17

considered a flâneur - a man about town, someone that walks around town, goes to cafes, too cool to have a job, but simply enjoyed life.
pre-impressionist or the first impressionist
do something that a camera cannot do; make impressions of what the scene looks like, not what it looks like to the eye
What made his painting of the nude woman and two clothed men cross the line?
The woman is looking directly at us
Very normal woman, not a goddess or other figure as depicted in previous nude paintings.
Woman seemed “cheap” - choice of things to wear,
Time of day that the painting is depicted.

Question 18

Garnier:

Answer 18

Paris opera house
built in the center of Paris
Mixture of Neoclassical and Baroque style in architecture
Very large, with staircases that were over 90 feet long

Question 19

Verdi: opera verismo

Answer 19

More realistic style of opera that dealt with contemporary life.
Considered one of the most popular writers of operas.
Il Trovatore, La Traviata, Aida, etc.

Question 20

Wagner:

Answer 20

used the Leitmotif meaning “leading motive” which is the same as an idee fixe (musical line accompanying a character)
believed that his work The Ring of Nibelung (a 4-piece operatic series from German mythology, The Ride of the Valkyries is one of the most famous pieces) was his Gesamtkunstwerk meaning “total work of art”
Did not call his works operas, but instead he called them Music Dramas
changed the way the melody was carried (orchestra carrying the melody, the singer simply adds to it)
Liebestod: love/death. Lots of tension exists in his music (Tristan & Isolde).

Question 21

Monet

Answer 21

Was the first painter to paint in this style (though he did not like to think he belonged to the impressionist movement)

Question 22

Degas

Answer 22

Didn’t want to be considered an impressionist
Subject matter is typically dancers
Interesting points of view: elongated and from the side as opposed from the audience

Question 23

Morisot

Answer 23

One of the only women in the group
this was admitted because the group was already not accepted by the public as a legitimate art group.
Typically painted women and children.

Question 24

Manet

Answer 24

considered a flâneur - a man about town, someone that walks around town, goes to cafes, too cool to have a job, but simply enjoyed life.
pre-impressionist or the first impressionist
do something that a camera cannot do; make impressions of what the scene looks like, not what it looks like to the eye
What made his painting of the nude woman and two clothed men cross the line?
The woman is looking directly at us
Very normal woman, not a goddess or other figure as depicted in previous nude paintings.
Woman seemed “cheap” - choice of things to wear,
Time of day that the painting is depicted.

Question 25

Renoir

Answer 25

Always has people in his paintings | Impressionist painter

Question 26

Cassatt:

Answer 26

An American impressionist Was able to market the impressionist art to the American people Typically painted mothers and their children.

Question 27

Tolstoy:

Answer 27

Lots of French influence in Russia (upper class preferred the French culture) Westernizers: only by adopting western culture will the country survive Others: Russia possesses a spirit uniquely its own. No westernizing needed Tolstoy loved “Mother Russia” Did not want to see the culture of Russia diluted by French influences. Painted scenes “close to the ground” (farmers, etc.) Was not convinced that the religions established were correct (they were corrupt) but did not want to abandon religion altogether

Question 28

Rodin:

Answer 28

realist sculptor, relied on direct observation works: Monument to Blalzac, The Kiss, Dancing Figure Considered to be a “post-impressionist” Worked in bronze Sculpted “The Gates of Hell” and “The Thinker” is is prominent over the gateway

Question 29

Toulouse-Lautrec:

Answer 29

french painter and print maker loved to paint the guests of the Moulin Rouge severely deformed from a rare bone disease art is simultaneously realistic and symbolic, contributed to both movements

Question 30

Debussy:

Answer 30

used chromatic scales which are half-steps through all the black and white keys on a keyboard Considered to be an impressionist musical writer

Question 31

Seurat: pointillism

Answer 31

tiny dots of color | also called neo-impressionism

Question 32

Van Gogh:

Answer 32

contrasting colors during his lifetime almost no one liked his art, he never sold a piece during his lifetime Pessimistic Impasto: dashes of thickly painted color, using the knife as the applicator rather than the brush

Question 33

Gauguin:

Answer 33

ran around Tahiti. | Portrayed fantastic color schemes in his paintings.

Question 34

Cezanne

Answer 34

color is not symbolic but used to structure the space of the canvas paintings look flat, no dimensionality returned to the same theme continually: Monet at Giverny, the mountain overlooking his native town in the south of France Uses color to create structure

Question 35

Mahler:

Answer 35

student of Nietzcshe’s contrast, conflict, tension in his music, particularly from one movement to the next “A symphony should be like the world that it is played in” pioneer of modernism

Question 36

Brahms:

Answer 36

more classical, believed in Beethoven and Mozart | also had splashes of modern style, was dubbed therefore as difficult to understand

Question 37

Munch: The Scream

Answer 37

pays tribute to the artists who inspired him, Gauguin and Van Gogh depicts “horrifying anxiety of modern life” color inspired by the eruption of Krakatoa “Despair” was its original title

Question 38

Pablo Picasso:

Answer 38

discordant, sometimes violent shifted from painting what one sees to what one thinks about what one sees. Greatest artist of the 20th century Very skilled artist, able to do very detailed and complex work Chose to paint in the way that he did to start the new movements.

Question 39

Matisse

Answer 39

competed with picasso he painted round (picasso edges) movement (picasso still) light of day (picasso at night) Joy (picasso fear and trepidation)

Question 40

Braque and Picasso:

Answer 40

started cubism

Question 41

Stravinsky:

Answer 41

received very poorly uses polyrythms (different meters simultaneously) jarring and violent russian composer who wrote “The Rite of Spring” defined modern art as antagonist to public opinion and an affront to its values

Question 42

Schoenberg:

Answer 42

used atonality No central tone, doesn’t have a center to go back to Fragmentation of the world affected the music & art of the time Sprechtstimme (speaking music) was a common form of Schoenberg

Question 43

Puccini

Answer 43

opposite of Schoenberg, Romantic style opera composer; has a number of very famous, recognizable aria his success demonstrated the enduring power of tradition

Question 44

Yeats:

Answer 44

wrote “The Second Coming”: a poem about about Christ’s second coming a dark world; a metaphorical equivalent “Things fall apart; the centre cannot hold”

Question 45

Duchamp:

Answer 45

Nude Descending a Staircase people would get offended by his art, sometimes dubbed anti-art his pieces were called ready-mades Something that can be purchased and modified slightly and be called art.

Question 46

Dali

Answer 46

Thinks that the world needs more of the outrageous | Paints in a realistic manner, but his paintings are surreal

Question 47

Miró

Answer 47

Started painting without knowing what he was going to paint

Question 48

Louis Sullivan

Answer 48

“Form follows function.” | Godfather of modern architecture

Question 49

Gershwin:

Answer 49

Porgy & Bess | Took jazz style and wrote an opera.

Question 50

Frank Lloyd Wright:

Answer 50

Organic architecture You should go into architecture gently . . . not with a bulldozer. One characteristic of his homes were overhangs (cantilever)

Question 51

Georgia O-Keeffe:

Answer 51

Painted still-life florals and landscapes; her work was always discussed as being overtly feminine She detested that her art was talked about as being painted by a woman Southwestern landscape scenes were common subjects in her paintings.

Question 52

Aaron Copland:

Answer 52

Wrote specifically American themes | Celebration of opportunities found in America

Question 53

Kierkegaard:

Answer 53

a

Question 54

Sartre:

Answer 54

a

Question 55

De Beauvoir:

Answer 55

a

Question 56

Camus:

Answer 56

a

Question 57

Beckett:

Answer 57

a

Question 58

Giacometti:

Answer 58

a

Question 59

Pollock: Abstract Expressionism

Answer 59

a