Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Toxicology > Pentachlorophenol > Flashcards

Pentachlorophenol Flashcards

1
Q

What are fungicides?

A

Chemicals used to prevent or treat fungal infections in plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

T/F: Generally, fungicides have low toxicity to animals if properly used

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Uses of pentachlorophenol (PCP)?

A
  • Only used by certified applicators as a wood preservative (to protect limber from fungal rot and wood-boring insects)
  • No longer found in wood-preserving solutions or insecticides and herbicides for home/garden use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4 sources of PCP toxicosis?

A
  • Vapors can penetrate intact skin–dermal exposure is the most toxic route of exposure, esp to newborns
  • Inhalation of toxic amounts from treated walls in sheds and barns (even if applied months-years before), esp with poor ventilation
  • Licking wood treated w/ PCP
  • Ingestion of contaminated feeds or water with spills of PCP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is PCP?

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide and fungicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Solubility (salts and solution)?

A
  • Solution not very soluble in water, but soluble in oils and organic solvents
  • Salts are soluble in water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Stability?

A

PCP is volatile and can give off toxic vapors in toxic conc. esp. in high ambient temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Persistence?

A

Not persistent in water, sewage, or soil b/c of bac. composition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Is PCP an irritant?

A

Yes–to mm, resp tract, and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do older preparations contain?

A

Dioxins–carcinogenic and teratogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Acute oral (dermal LD50) toxicity?

Chronic toxicity?

A
  • Acute oral in domestic animals ranges from 100-200 mg/kg
  • Chronic toxicity ranges from 40-70mg/kg
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Factors increasing toxicity?

A
  • High ambient temp
  • Oily or organic solvent vehicles
  • Previous exposure
  • Poor condition
  • Newborn
  • Hyperthyroidism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Factors decreasing toxicity?

A
  • Cold temp
  • Antithyroid drugs
  • Presence of body fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where is PCP readily absorbed from? Where is it distributed?

A
  • Readily absorbed from GI tract, by inhalation, and from intact skin
  • Distributed throughout the body w/ some accumulation in body fat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Half-life?

A

1.5-2 days in various species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is PCP metabolized by?

A

Conjugation to glucuronic acid

17
Q

How is PCP excreted?

A

Excreted as glucuronides or unchanged in urine

18
Q

Residues?

A

Residues in tissues and fat are depleted from the body w/in 1 week of exposure

19
Q

Mechanism of action?

A
  • Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and blocks or decreases ATP
  • Increases oxygen demand in an effort to produce ATP
  • Oxygen demand > oxygen supply
  • Resulting in overheating, metabolic acidosis, and dehydration
20
Q

Effects on the body?

A
  • Irritation of eye, GI mucosa, resp, and intact skin
  • Decreased cellular energy may cause neurotoxic and other effects (wt. loss, dec. milk prod., repro problems)
  • High exposures may lead to signs of CNS stimulation or seizures
21
Q

Clinical signs of acute toxicosis?

A
  • Onset and duration may be so fast that no signs are seen
  • Hyperthermia, tachycardia, dyspnea, cyanosis, seizures, collapse, death
  • Newborn pigs show hyperthermia, skin irritation, and rapid death
22
Q

Clinical signs of chronic toxicosis?

A
  • Wt. loss, dec. milk production, anemia, fetal malformations, and poss. abortions
  • Fever and resp distress may be absent
23
Q

What are the lesions of PCP toxicosis?

A
  • Rapid rigor mortis
  • Local irritation of skin and mm
  • Pulmonary congestion and edema
  • Degenerative changes in liver, kidney, and brain
  • Dark blood (oxygen deprivation)
  • Hyperkeratosis of skin and villous like hyperplasia of urinary bladder mucosa in chronic cases
24
Q

Laboratory diagnosis: live vs. dead animal?

A
  • Live animal–chemical analysis in blood and urine
  • Dead animal–chemical analysis of kidney and skin
25
Q

Diagnosis

A
  • History of exposure
  • Signs of rapid overheating and resp distress
  • Lesions of rapid rigor mortis and dark blood
  • Chemical analysis
26
Q

DDx

A
  • Heat stroke (history)
  • Toxicants causing resp insufficiency
    • Nitrate (brown blood, no fever)
    • CO (bright red blood, no fever)
    • Pesticides (marked neuromuscular signs, autonomic signs)
  • Peracute infectious diseases
27
Q

Is there a specific antidote?

A

Of course not

28
Q

Detoxification?

A
  • Emetics or gastric levage w/ 5% sodium bicarbonate
  • Activated charcoal or mineral oil
  • Soap and water bath (use gloves)
29
Q

Supportive/symptomatic therapy?

A
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Lower body temp–apply cold water to skin, ethanol
  • IV fluids (no glucose) and electrolytes for dehydration and metabolic acidosis
  • Prophylactic use of antibiotics and mult vitamins may be used to prevent secondary bac. infections (due to liver, kidney, and intestinal damage)
30
Q

Prognosis?

A

If animal survives for 24hrs, chances for complete recovery are fair

Toxicology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions