Intro

Question 1

What are the 2 main aspects of clinical toxicology?

Answer 1

1) Diagnosis

2) Treatment

Question 2

What are the similarities between pharmacology and toxicology?

Answer 2

Drugs can be poisons and poisons can be drugs (the dose is the difference)
Drugs and poisons are xenobiotics (foreign chemicals that the body does not produce)

Question 3

What is a poison (toxicant)?

Answer 3

Can be defined as any substance (solid, liquid, or gas) when applied or introduced into the body may interfere with life processes or biological functions of the cells of the animal

Question 4

What are the 4 natural sources of poisons?

Answer 4

Plants, animals, minerals, fungi/bacteria

Question 5

What are examples of synthetic poisons?

Answer 5

Organophosphate and chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, organic herbisides

Question 6

What is a toxin (biotoxin)?

Answer 6

A poison from a biologic process (e.g., zootoxins or animal toxins, phytotoxins or plant toxins, bacterial toxins and mycotoxins)

Question 7

Toxic

Answer 7

Term used to describe the deleterious or undesirable effects of poisons

Question 8

Toxicosis (poisoning or intoxication)

Answer 8

The DISEASE caused by exposure to a poison

Question 9

Toxicity

Answer 9

The AMOUNT of a poison that under certain circumstances will cause toxic effects

Question 10

How is toxicity expressed in mammals? In birds?

Answer 10

Mammals: usually expressed as LD50 (lethal dose 50) in mg/kg body weight
Birds: expressed as LC50 (lethal concentration 50) in mg/kg feed and in fish as LC50 in mg/liter water

Question 11

Acute toxicity

Answer 11

The effect of a single dose or multiple doses during a 24 hour period

Question 12

Subacute toxicity

Answer 12

The effect produced by daily exposure from one day to 30 days

Question 13

Subchronic toxicity

Answer 13

The effect of exposure from 30 days to 90 days

Question 14

Chronic toxicity

Answer 14

The effect produced by daily exposure for a period of 3 months (90 days) or more

Question 15

Chronicity factor

Answer 15

The ratio between acute LD50 and chronic LD50

Question 16

Extremely toxic

Answer 16

1 mg/kg or less

Question 17

Highly toxic

Answer 17

> 1-50 mg/kg

Question 18

Moderately toxic

Answer 18

> 50-500 mg/kg

Question 19

Slightly toxic

Answer 19

> 0.5-5 g/kg

Question 20

Practically nontoxic

Answer 20

> 5-15 g/kg

Question 21

Relatively harmless

Answer 21

> 15 g/kg

Question 22

The highest non-toxic dose (HNTD)

Answer 22

The highest or largest dose which does NOT result in undesirable or toxic alterations (clinical, hematologic, biochemical, or pathologic alterations)

Question 23

Maximum tolerated dose or minimal toxic dose (MDT)

Answer 23

Similar to the highest non-toxic dose

Question 24

Toxic dose low (TDL)

Answer 24

The lowest dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will not cause death

Question 25

Toxic dose high (TDH)

Answer 25

The dose which produces toxic alterations and administering twice this dose will result in death

Question 26

No-effect level (maximum non toxic level)

Answer 26

The amount of a chemical that can be ingested without causing any deaths, illness or toxic alterations in any of the animals for the stated period (usually 90 days to 2 years or more depending on the species)

Question 27

Lethal dose

Answer 27

The dose that causes death in any animal during the period of observation

Question 28

LD0

Answer 28

The highest dose that does not cause any death

Question 29

LD50

Answer 29

The dose that kills 50% of animals in a group

Question 30

LD100

Answer 30

The lowest dose that kills all the animals in a group

Question 31

Hazard

Answer 31

The danger from the POSSIBILITY of exposure

Question 32

T/F: A poison may be highly toxic but not hazardous

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

How is the risk factor calculated?

Answer 33

As the ratio between toxicity and use level