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Pharmacology > Penicillins And Cephalosporins > Flashcards

Penicillins And Cephalosporins Flashcards

1
Q

How is penicillin synthesized❓

A 
1. 
Produced by:
Fungi
Ascomycetes 
Actinomycetes bacteria

OR

Synthesized from:
Valine
Cysteine

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2
Q

Penicillins are bactericidal but can only act on dividing cells

True or false

A

True

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3
Q

What is the mechanism by which penicillins work❓

A

Their beta-lactam ring inhibits the formation of peptidoglycan crosslinks in bacterial cell walls (esp gram +ve)

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4
Q

How well are penicillins distributed in the body❓

A

Poorly lipid soluble

🚫Cross BBB, except inflamed (meningitis)

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5
Q

How is penicillin excreted❓

A

Actively, through the kidney

*Dose should be reduced in renal failure

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6
Q

What happens in penicillin resistance❓

Give examples of bacteria that are penicillin resistance

A

1.
Production of beta-lactamase
⬇️
Destruction of beta-lactam ring

  1. Staphylococcus aureus
    Haemophilus influenzae
    Neisseria gonorrhoea
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7
Q

What are the properties of Benzylpenicillin (Penicillin G)❓

How is it administered❓

Which bacterial organisms would it get rid of❓

A
  1. Acid labile
    Beta-lactamase sensitive
  2. Only parenterally
3. 
Streptococcus pyogenes
S. pneumonia 
Neisseria meningitis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Treponemes 
Listeria 
Actinomycetes 
Clostridia
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8
Q

What are the properties of Phenoxymethylpenicillin (Penicillin V)❓

How is it administered❓

Which bacterial organisms would it get rid of❓

A

1.
Acid stable
Used to treat minor infections

2.
Given orally

3. 
Streptococcus pyogenes
S. pneumonia 
Neisseria meningitis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Treponemes 
Listeria 
Actinomycetes 
Clostridia
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9
Q

What are the properties of Ampicillin❓

How is it administered❓

Which bacterial organisms would it get rid of❓

A 
1.
Acid stable
Beta-lactamase sensitive 
⬇️active than Penicillin G
Wider spectrum than Penicillin G

2.
Orally
Parenterally

3. 
S. faecalis
Haemophilus influenzae 
E. coli
Klebsiella
Proteus 
Streptococcus pyogenes
S. pneumonia 
Neisseria meningitis
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Treponemes 
Listeria 
Actinomycetes 
Clostridia
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10
Q

Amoxycillin is better absorbed orally than the rest of the penicillins

True or false

A

True

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11
Q

What would you combine with amoxycillin for a better antibacterial effect❓

Why❓

A

Clavulanic acid + amoxycillin

The beta-lactam in clavulanic acid binds strongly to beta-lactamase and blocks off it’s action

It extends the spectrum of amoxycillin

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12
Q

What are the differences between ampicillin and benzylpenicillin❓

A

Ampicillin is less active against gram +ve bacteria

Ampicillin has a wider spectrum

Ampicillin is acid stable
Benzylpenicillin is acid labile

Ampicillin can be given orally or parenterally
Benzylpenicillin can only be given parenterally

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13
Q

What are the differences between phenoxymethylpenicillin and benzylpenicillin❓

A

Phenoxymethylpenicillin is acid stable
Benzylpenicillin is acid labile

Phenoxymethylpenicillin is given orally
Benzylpenicillin is given parentally

Phenoxymethylpenicillin is used in treating minor infections

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14
Q

What are the properties of Flucloxacillin❓

How is it administered❓

Which bacterial organisms would it get rid of❓

A
  1. Acid stable
    Beta-lactamase resistant
  2. Orally
    Parenterally
3. 
Staphylococcus aureus (narrow spectrum)
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15
Q

What are the properties of Azlocillin❓

How is it administered❓

Which bacterial organisms would it get rid of❓

A
  1. Acid labile
    Beta-lactamase sensitive
    Broad spectrum
  2. Parenterally
    IV in life-threatening infections w an aminoglycoside
  3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
    Proteus
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16
Q

What are the acid labile penicillins you know❓

A

Benzylpenicillin

Azlocillin

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17
Q

What are some side effects you might observe in patients being treated with penicillins❓

A

Allergy (0.7-1.0% pts)

Nephritis

Acute renal failure

Super infections

GI upsets when given orally

18
Q

What percentage of patients with penicillin allergies will also be allergic to cephalosporins❓

A

10-20%

19
Q

What drug interactions are typical of ampicillins/broad spectrum antibiotics❓

A

⬇️effectiveness of oral contraceptives by ⬇️enterohepatic circulation

20
Q

List some penicillinase-resistant penicillins

A

Oxacillin

Cloxacillin

Dicloxacillin

Methicillin

*resistant against staphylococcus penicillinase

21
Q

What are the properties of cephalosporins❓

A

Bacteriocidal (🚫beta-lactam ring)

Broad spectrum

Used on sensitive microorganisms

22
Q

First generation cephalosporins are used in treating ❓

A
  • Most active against gram +ve cocci bacterial infections
  • Alternative for staph and strep infections
  • Used in treating UTIs
23
Q

Second generation cephalosporins…

  1. Is used in treating ❓
A
  • Active against gram -ve enterobacteriaceae ie E. coli, Klebsiella and Proteus sps
  • May also be active against H. influenza and N. meningitis
  1. Cefaclor
    Cefuroxime

Cefprozil
Cefmetazole

24
Q

Third generation cephalosporins…

  1. Is used in treating ❓
  2. Give some examples
A
  1. Most active against gram -ve rods
    Less active against gram +ve bacteria
  2. Cefixime

IV:
Cefotaxime
Ceftriaxone
Ceftazidine

25
Q

Fourth generation cephalosporins…

  1. Is used in treating ❓
  2. Give some examples
A

1.
•Better against gram +ve organisms than 3rd generation
•Also better against gram -ve (esp. Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa)

  1. Only IV:
    Cefpirome
    Cefepime
26
Q

Fifth generation cephalosporins…

  1. Is used in treating ❓
  2. Give some examples
A

1.
•Broad spectrum against gram +ve bacteria
•🚫Methicillin-resistance Staph aureus

2.
Ceftaroline

27
Q

Give examples of bacteria that are penicillin resistant

A

Staphylococcus aureus

Haemophilus influenzae

Neisseria gonorrhoea

28
Q

What are some beta-lactamase inhibitors you know❓

A

Clavulanic acid

Tazobactam

Sulbactam

29
Q

Give examples of 1st generation cephalosporins

A

CeFAdroxil

CeFAdrine

CeFAzoline

CeFAlexin

30
Q

Give examples of 2nd generation cephalosporins

A

Cefaclor

Cefuroxime

Cefprozil

Cefmethazole

31
Q

Give examples of 3rd generation cephalosporins

A

Ceftriaxone

Ceftazidine

Cefotaxime

Cefixime IV

32
Q

Give examples of 4th generation cephalosporins

A

Cefpirome

Cefepime

33
Q

List some examples of tetracyclines

A

Tetracycline

Doxycycline

Oxytetracycline

Minocyclin

34
Q

What is the mechanism of action of tetracyclines❓

Which other group of drugs do this❓

A
  1. Bind 30s ribosomes

🚫protein synthesis

  1. Aminoglycosides
35
Q

What is the mechanism of action of marcolides❓

Which other group of drugs do this❓

A
  1. Bind 50s ribosomes

🚫protein synthesis

  1. Chloramphenicol
36
Q

What are the side effects of tetracyclines❓

What are the possible drug interactions❓

A

1.
Bone and teeth damage

Liver/kidney damage

  1. Food
    Should be given on an empty stomach
37
Q

What are some side effects of chloramphenicol❓

A

Bone marrow depression

Contraindicated in pregnant and breastfeeding mothers

Blue-baby Syndrome

38
Q

List some examples of macrolides

A

Erythromycin

Clarithromycin

Azithromycin

Roxithromycin

39
Q

Erythromycin can be used in treating whooping cough and is associated with a prolonged QT

T or F

A

True

40
Q

Azithromycin can be used in treating cholera

T or F

A

T

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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