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Pharmacology > Introduction To ANS > Flashcards

Introduction To ANS Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system is made up of❓

A
  1. Central NS:
    Brain
    Spinal cord
  2. Peripheral NS:
    Somatic NS

Autonomic NS:
Sympathetic(thoracolumbar)
Parasympathetic(craniosacral)

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2
Q

What is the basic anatomical difference btwn the motor pathway of the somatic ND and the autonomic NS❓

A

Somatic NS:
Cell bodies of motor neurons reside in the CNS and their axons extend to skeletal muscles

Autonomic NS:
usually 2 neurons
preganglionic neuron in CNS Ganglionic(cell body outside CNS) neuron to organ

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3
Q

Say something about the parasympathetic system

A
  • Craniosacral b/c
  • preganglionic neurons are in the brain stem or sacral levels of spinal cord
  • ACH at preganglionic and postganglionic synapses
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4
Q

Mention the outflows of the parasympathetic system and what they control

A 
•Cranial outflow
III- pupils constrict 
VII- tears, nasal mucus, saliva 
IX- parotid salivary gland
X- visceral organs of thorax and abdomen: 
   -Stimulates digestive glands  
   -⬆️motility of smooth muscles of GI
   -⬇️heart rate 
   -Causes bronchial constriction

•Sacral outflow(S2-4)
from pelvic splanchic nerves
supply all pelvic organs and 2nd half of large intestine

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5
Q

Mention the outflows of the sympathetic system and what they control

A

Neurons are in lateral horn of grey matter from T1-L2

Preganglionic NT: ACH
Postganglionic: Norepinephrine
Postganglionic (sweat glands): ACH

Vasoconstriction 
Dry mouth
Pupil dilation 
⬆️heart and respiratory rates 
⬆️glucose mobilization
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6
Q

The adrenal gland belongs to the ______ division of the NS

What function does it subserve❓

A

Sympathetic

It caused a body-wise release of epinephrine and norepinephrine in an extreme emergency

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7
Q

A tumor of the adrenal medulla is known as ❓

What are the clinical features❓

A

Pheochromocytoma

⬆️arterial pressure
⬆️blood flow to muscles
⬆️blood glucose
⬆️mental activity 
⬆️cellular metabolism 
⬆️glycogenolysis
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8
Q

The amygdala can stimulate sympathetic activity

True or false❓

A

True

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9
Q

The enteric nervous system refers to a collection of neurons in the walls of the GI

What does it include❓

A

Myenteric plexus of Auerbach

Submucous plexus of Meissner

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10
Q

Tell me a bit about NTs

A

ACH-Acetyl CoA+Choline by CAT
-neuromuscular jnctn

Dopamine-in VTA and substantia nigra

NE-found in locus coerulus

EPI-sympathoexcitatory
-found in adrenal medulla and medulla oblongata

5HT- found in raphe nuclei in brainstem

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11
Q

Talk extensively on drug intervention by cholinergic transmission

A

Precursor transport
🚫
Hemicholinium

Synthesis

Storage
🚫
Vesamicol

Release
🚫
Botulinum toxin

Receptor+action
🚫Atropine (anti M)
🚫Succinylcholine (anti Nm)
🚫Trimethaphan (anti Nn)

✔️Carbachol
✔️Pilocarpine

Degradation
🚫Neostigmine (R)
🚫Organophosphate (NR)

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12
Q

The fate of ACH degradation could either be in ❓

A

Nerves:
True
Specific
Highly potent

Or 
Plasma:
False
Nonspecific, binds to any ester
Less potent
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13
Q

Physiostigmine can be correctly described as❓

A

An indirect agonist of Ach receptors

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14
Q

Talk extensively on drug intervention by adrenergic transmission

A 
Tyrosine 
⬇️ 🚫Metyrosine 
DOPA
⬇️🚫Reserpine 
Vesicle 
⬇️
Release 🚫Bretylium 
              🚫Guanethidine 
              ✔️Amphetamine
              ✔️Tyramine
              ✔️Ephedrine 
⬇️
Receptor action 🚫Phentolamine
                            🚫Propanolol
                        ✔️Albuterol
                        ✔️Isoproterenol ⬇️ Recapture by uptake  ✔️Cocaine  ✔️Tricyclic antidepressants eg imipramine
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15
Q

What are the sites where catecholamines are released❓

A

NE: Sympathetic postsynaptic endings

Adrenal medulla:
E: 80%
NE: 20%

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16
Q

What is the fate of catecholamines❓

A

Active reuptake: 80-90%
Destruction: 7%
Excretion: 3%

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17
Q

How does “pargyline” work❓

A

Antidepressants like parygline are MAO inhibitors

🚫degradation of catecholamines
⬆️catecholamine levels in CNS

18
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the skin❓

A

Skin: apocrine gland
S: secretion

Skin: eccrine gland
P: no action

19
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the special senses❓

A

Iris of eyes:
S: dilation
P: constriction

Tear gland:
S: inhibition
P: secretion

20
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the endocrine system❓

A

Adrenal cortex
S: secretion

Medulla
P: no action

21
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the digestive system❓

A

Gallbladder
S: relaxation
P: constriction

Intestine
S: decreases peristalsis
P: increases peristalsis

Smooth muscles
S: relaxation
P: constriction

Sphincters
S: constriction
P: relaxation

Pancreas
S: decreases
P: increase

22
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the respiratory system❓

A

S: dilate bronchioles
P: constrict bronchioles

23
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the heart❓

A

S: increases heart rate
P: decreases heart rate

24
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the blood vessels of skin and others❓

A

S: constriction
P: dilation

25
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the urinary system❓

A

Bladder
S: relaxation
P: constriction

Urinary sphincter
S: constriction
P: relaxation

26
Q

What are the effects of the ANS in the reproductive system❓

A

Penis
S: erection
P: ejaculation

Vagina
S: erection
P: constriction of vagina

27
Q

Classify PNS receptors

A
  1. Cholinergic R.
    •Nicotinic:
    Nm-neuromuscular/muscle type
    Nn-neuronal/ganglion type

•Muscarinic:
M1, M3, M5-Gq coupled
M2, M4-Gi coupled

2. Adrenergic R.
alpha1-a1A, a1B, a1D
alpha2-a2A, a2B, a2C
b1
b2
b3
  1. Dopamine R.
    D1, D2, D3, D4, D5
28
Q

Where are a1 receptors found❓

What functions do they subserve❓

A

a1:
•Postsynaptic effector cells- esp. smooth muscle

  • vasoconstriction
  • hepatic glycogenolysis
29
Q

Where are b1 receptors found❓

What functions do they subserve❓

A

Distribution:
•postsynaptic effector cells-
•heart, lipocytes, brain, presynaptic adrenergic/cholinergic terminals

Functions
•⬆️cardiac rate and force
•relaxation of GI smooth muscle

30
Q

Where are b3 receptors found❓

What functions do they subserve❓

A
  • Postsynaptic effector cells-lipocytes

* lipolysis

31
Q

Where are b2 receptors found❓

What functions do they subserve❓

A

Distribution:
•postsynaptic effector cells-
•smooth muscle, cardiac muscles

Functions:
• Bronchodilation
•Vasodilation 
•Relaxation of visceral smooth muscle 
•Hepatic glycogenolysis
32
Q

Where are a2 receptors found❓

What functions do they subserve❓

A

Distribution:
•Presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminals (autoreceptor)
•Platelets, lipocytes, smooth muscle

Functions:
•Inhibitor of transmitter release
•Platelet aggregation
•Relaxation of smooth muscles

33
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the heart

A

Rate of contraction-
Adrenergic: ⬆️b1
Cholinergic: ⬇️M2

Force of contraction
Adrenergic: ⬆️b1
Cholinergic: ⬇️M2

34
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the

  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
  3. Skeletal muscles
A

On arteries
A: a1 causes vasoconstriction

On veins
A: a2 causes vasoconstriction

On skeletal muscle
A: b2 causes vasodilation

35
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the lungs

A

A:
b2- Bronchiodilation

C:
M3- bronchioconstriction

36
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the genitourinary smooth muscle

A

On bladder wall:
b2-Relaxation
M3-Contraction

On ureter
a1-Contraction
M3-Relaxation

On Sphincter
a1-Contraction
M3-Relaxation

On uterus
b2-relaxation
a1-contraction

Penis/Vas
a1- Ejaculation
M3- Erection

37
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the GIT

A

•Salivary glands:
a1- ⬆️secretion
M3- ⬇️secretion

•Smooth muscles:
Walls:
a2, b2- relaxation
M3- contraction

Sphincters:
a1- contraction
M3- relaxation

•Secretion
M3- ⬆️ secretion

38
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the

  1. Skin
  2. Sweat glands
A

•Skin:
Hair follicles, smooth muscle:
a1- contraction, piloerection

•Sweat glands:
Thermoregulation:
M3: ⬆️secretion

Apocrine(stress):
a1: ⬆️secretion

39
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the

  1. Liver
  2. Fat cells
  3. Kidney
  4. Pancreas
A

Liver:
a1, b2- glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

Fat cells:
b1, b3- lipolysis

Kidney:
b1- increase renin secretion

Pancreas:
a2- ⬇️insulin release

40
Q

Describe the effects of adrenergic and cholinergic receptors on the eye

A 
•Iris: 
Radial muscle:
a1- contraction (mydriasis)
Circular muscle:
M3- contraction (miosis)

•Ciliary muscle:
b2- relaxation
M3- contraction

Cholinergic effects:

  • contraction of pupillary constrictor muscle (miosis-constricted pupil)
  • contraction of ciliary muscle (bulge of lens)
  • near vision
  • ⬆️ outflow of aqueous humor

Adrenergic effects:

  • contraction of pupillary dilator muscle (mydriasis- dilated pupil)
  • stimulation of ciliary epithelium
  • ⬆️production of aqueous humor

•Ciliary epithelium:
b2- ⬆️secretion of aqueous humor

41
Q

Ach mediated vasodilation works via❓

A

Muscaranic receptors on the endothelium

⬆️Nitric oxide production from arginine- induces smooth muscle relaxation

⬆️Cyclic GMP
⬆️Protein kinase
⬇️Ca2+
⬇️Ca2+ sensitivity of cross bridge formation

Pharmacology (10 decks)

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