pengenalan tort Flashcards

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1
Q

definisi tort

A

kesalahaan

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2
Q

asal usul perkataan “tort”

A

tortus and tortum which means twisted/wrong

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3
Q

maksud liability tort/tortous liability berdasarkan Winfield

A

Tortious liability arises from the breach of a duty primarily fixed by law: this duty is towards persons generally and its breach is redressible by an action for unliquidated damages
- Liabiliti tortious timbul daripada pelanggaran kewajipan yang ditetapkan terutamanya oleh undang-undang: kewajipan ini adalah terhadap orang secara amnya dan pelanggarannya boleh dipulihkan dengan tindakan untuk ganti rugi tidak dicairkan

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4
Q

maksud liabiliti tort dalam bm

A

Undang-undang tort secara dasarnya adalah berkenaan dengan pengenaan / imposition liabiliti dan tuntutan remedi berhubung dengan kesalahan sivil yg dilakukan terhadap seseorang yg mana liabilitinya tidak bergantung pd apa-apa perjanjian

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5
Q

kepentingan yang dilindungi

A
  1. fizikal (harta benda dan tubuh badan)
  2. jiwa
  3. ekonomi
  4. reputasi
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6
Q

ciri am undang2 tort

A
  • Perbuatan / ketinggalan yg dilakukan merupakan kesalahan di sisi undang-undang;
  • Perbuatan / ketinggalan tersebut menjejaskan kepentingan / hak seseorang lain; dan
  • Pihak yg terjejas mempunyai hak utk menuntut remedi
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7
Q

tujuan undang2 tort

A
  1. Memberi pampasan kpd plaintif
    – seseorang yg telah mencederakan seseorang lain hendaklah memperbaiki kesalahannya itu;
  2. Memberi ketenteraman kpd mangsa
    – apabila pesalah tort dikenakan membayar denda kpd mangsa, mangsa akan berpuashati
    – mengelakkan drp pertelingkahan seterusnya
    3.Memberi keadilan
    – keadilan mengkehendaki seseorang yg telah menyebabkan kecederaan kpd seseorang lain memberi pampasan kpd orang yang dicederakan.
    - Teori keadilan mengatakan bahawa pesalah tort patut menanggung kesengsaraan dgn membayar pampasan kpd mangsa
  3. Pencegahan
    – utk mengawal perlakuan komuniti / masyarakat pd masa hadapan.
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8
Q

skop kesalahan tort

A
  1. Kecuaian
  2. Pencerobohan
  3. Kacau ganggu
  4. Fitnah
  5. Tanggungan penghuni
  6. Tanggungan beralih
  7. Tanggungan ketat
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9
Q

sumber undang2 tort

A
  • Kes
  • Statut
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10
Q

remedi

A
  1. ganti rugi/kewangan
  2. tegahan
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11
Q

perbezaa tort dengan kontrak

A

Tort:
1. Tugas ditetapkan oleh undang-undang;
2. Bentuk ganti rugi – unliquidated damages;
3. Tujuan ganti rugi – mengembalikan kedudukan plaintif kpd kedudukan asalnya iaitu pd kedudukan sekiranya kesalahan tort tidak dilakukan //
- memberi pampasan kpd pihak yg terjejas & mengembalikannya kpd kedudukan yg asal

Kontrak
1. Tugas ditetapkan oleh kontrak;
2. Bentuk ganti rugi – liquidated damages;
3. Tujuan ganti rugi – memberi ganti rugi bagi apa yang akan diperolehi oleh plaintif sekiranya kontrak dilaksanakan

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12
Q

perbezaan tort dan jenayah

A

tort:
1. Tort adalah satu kesalahan sivil yg melibatkan individu
2. Tindakan dibawa oleh individu yang terjejas
3. Remedi adalah dlm bentuk ganti rugi / tegahan
4. Tujuan remedi – memberi pampasan kpd pihak yg terjejas & mengembalikannya kpd kedudukan yg asal
5. Istilah yg digunakan – plaintif, defendan, bertanggungan, tidak bertanggungan
——
jenayah:
1. Jenayah adalah satu kesalahan terhadap negara
2. Tindakan dibawa oleh pendakwa raya
3. Remedi adalah dlm bentuk denda / penjara / kedua-duanya
4. Tujuan remedi – menghukum pesalah
5. Istilah yg digunakan – pendakwa raya, tertuduh, bersalah, tidak bersalah:

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13
Q

sejarah perkembangan undang2 tort

A

Kesalahan tort terbahagi kpd dua jenis bentuk tuntutan / form of actions :
1. Pencerobohan / trespass
2. Kes / case

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14
Q

maksud pencerobohan

A

Bentuk tuntutan yg digunakan bagi kecederaan yg dilakukan secara langsung / direct dan ia berlaku dgn serta merta / immediate

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15
Q

apakah contoh pencerobohan

A

Melanggar seseorang yg sedang berjalan kaki di tepi jalan

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16
Q

is trespass actionable per se or non?

A

actionable per se

17
Q

maksud kes

A

Bentuk tuntutan yg digunakan bagi kecederaan yg disebabkan secara tidak langsung / indirect

18
Q

contoh kes

A

A tersungkur kerana melanggar kayu yg diletakkan oleh B di tengah jalan

19
Q

is case actionable per se or not?

A

non actionable per se

20
Q

apakah soalan yang perlu ditanyakan?

A
  • adakah plaintiff mempunyai bentuk tuntutan terhadap defendan
  • bolehkah tuntutan plaintiff dimasukkan di bawah mana-mana bentuk tuntutan berdasarkan cara kesalahan itu dilakukan
21
Q

SCOTT V SHEPHERD

A
  • The defendant (a child) threw a lit squib across a market. It landed at the feet of a third-party, who picked up and threw the squib onwards to prevent injury to himself. The squib hit the claimant, burning the claimant’s face.
  • The Court held the defendant liable.
  • Blackstone J : …where the injury is immediate, am action of trespass will lie; where it is only consequential, it must be an action on the case.
22
Q

perubahan sikap mahkamah

A

Mahkamah mula mempertimbangkan sama ada sesuatu perbuatan itu dilakukan secara cuai atau niat.

23
Q

WILLIAMS V. HOLLAND

A
  • Where the plaintiff in injured by the defendant’s direct (or immediate) act, the plaintiff may elect to bring an action on the case (rather than trespass) provided that the defendants act is negligent. However, where the defendant’s act is both direct and intentional, the only cause of action available to the plaintiff is trespass.
24
Q

HUTCHINS V MAUGHAN

A

-Trespass is the remedy for the direct (or immediate) application of force by the defendant to the plaintiff’s person, land or goods. An action on the case is the remedy for indirect (or consequential injury) caused by the defendant to the plaintiff.

25
Q

FOWLER V LANNING

A
  • justice diplock
    1. Trespass to the person does not lie if the injury to the plaintiff, although the direct consequence of the act of the defendant, was caused unintentionally and without negligence on the defendant’s part;
    2. Trespass to the person on the highway does not differ in this respect from trespass to the person committed in any other place
    3. ………….A man’s freedom of action is subject only to the obligation not to infringe any duty of care which he owes to others; and
    4. The onus of proving negligence, where the trespass is not intentional, lies upon the plaintiff, whether the action be framed in trespass or in negligence.
26
Q

LETANG V COOPER

A

-Lord Denning : The truth is that the distinction between trespass and case is obsolete. We have a different sub-division altogether. Instead of dividing actions for personal injuries into trespass (direct damage) or case (consequential damage), we divide the causes of action now according as the defendant did the injury intentionally or unintentionally.

27
Q

PARSON V PARTRIDGE

A
  • ….an action on the case is maintainable for the negligent driving of a motor vehicle causing personal injury in a collision even though this is injury caused by the defendant’s direct act.
28
Q

apakah asas tanggungan

A

Berbeza-beza bergantung pd jenis kesalahan:
1. Kecuaian – kesalahan : tugas
: perlanggaran tugas
: kerosakan / kecederaan
2. Kacau ganggu - perlanggaran kepentingan
3 Fitnah – perlanggaran nama baik
4. Tanggungan ketat – niat tidak relevant (liabiliti tidak berasaskan kpd kesalahan)
5. Pencerobohan – niat adalah penting

29
Q

apakah jenis kerosakan

A
  1. Kecederaan tubuh badan;
  2. Kerosakan harta benda;
  3. Kerugian ekonomi
  4. kejutan saraf.
30
Q

cara kerosakan dilakukan

A
  1. Perbuatan / act; dan
  2. Ketinggalan / omission
31
Q

masa batasan

A

S.6(1)(a), Akta Batasan 1953 – 6 tahun bagi tuntutan yg melibatkan individu

S.2(a), Public Authorities Protection Act 1948 - 3 tahun bagi tuntutan terhadap badan kerajaan