kerugian ekonomi Flashcards

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1
Q

definisi kerugian kewangan

A

Kerugian kewangan yg tidak disebabkan oleh kecederaan tubuh badan atau kerosakan harta benda yg lain
- KERUGIAN EKONOMI SEMATA-MATA/PURE ECONOMIC LOSS

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2
Q

Kerugian Ekonomi Yg disebabkan Oleh Kenyataan Cuai

A

-A melabur dlm Syarikat XYZ berdasarkan nasihat yg diberikan oleh B. Beberapa bulan kemudian Syarikat XYZ bankrup lalu A mengalami kerugian sebanyak RM50,000.00.
-Kenyataan cuai boleh diberikan secara lisan atau bertulis

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3
Q

kedudukan asal

A

Tuntutan hanya boleh dibawa jika terdapat elemen tipuan / deceit

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4
Q

what is the case for kedudukan asal

A

derry v peek

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5
Q

Candler v Crane

A

Keputusan Majority : Tiada tugas untuk berhati-hati berhubung dengan kenyataan yg diberikan secara cuai melainkan terdapatnya tipuan/deceit

Keputusan Minoriti (Lord Denning) : Defendan mempunyai tugas untuk berhati-hati terhadap majikannya atau klien kpd majikannya atau mana-mana pihak ketiga yg ditunjukkan akaun tersebut untuk mempengaruhi mereka membuat pelaburan

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6
Q

perubahan sikap mahkamah

A

PERHUBUNGAN KHAS ANTARA PLAINTIF DGN DEFENDAN (tugas utk berhati-hati hanya wujud jika terdapat perhubungan khas)

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7
Q

case law perubahan sikap mahkamah

A

Hewlett Bryne v Heller

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8
Q

bila perhubungan khas wujud? according to lord reid

A

Lord Reid : …where it is plain that the party seeking information or advice was trusting the other to exercise such a degree of care as the circumstances required, where it was reasonable for him to do that, and where the other gave the information or advice when he knew or ought to have known that the inquirer was relying on him.

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9
Q

bila perhubungan khas wujud?

A

1.Plaintif bergantung kpd kemahiran dan keputusan defendan;
2.Defendan mengetahui atau sepatutnya mengetahui bahawa plaintif bergantung kpdnya; dan
3.Adalah munasabah bagi plaintif untuk bergantung kpd kemahiran defendan

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10
Q

Mutual Life Assurance Co. LTD v Evatt

A

Keputusan Majoriti : Tugas untuk berhati-hati terhad kpd penasihat profesional atau terhad kpd mereka yang kerjanya memberi nasihat

Keputusan Minoriti :Tugas untuk berhati-hati wujud apabila plaintif meminta nasihat drp defendan dalam urusan perniagaannya dan plaintif menyatakan kpd defendan bahawa dia ingin mendapatkan nasihat

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11
Q

Esso Petrolium v Mardon

A

Mahkamah rayuan : Tugas untuk berhati-hati wujud walaupun perniagaan defendan bukan memberi nasihat dengan syarat defendan mempunyai pengetahuan khas dan kepakaran dlm bidang yang diminta nasihat.

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12
Q

case laws

A
  • Yianni v Edwin, Evans & Sons
  • Smith v Eric S. Bush
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13
Q

apakah perbezaan case laws

A

Perbezaan dgn HEDLEY BRYNE – semasa kes HEDLEY BRYNE Unfair Contract Terms Act1 977 belum berkuatkuasa

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14
Q

ADAKAH PRINSIP KES HEDLEY BRYNE TERPAKAI KPD NASIHAT/KENYATAAN YG DIBERIKAN SECARA TIDAK FORMAL?

A
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15
Q

Chaudry v Prabakar

A

Wujud tugas berhati-hati dalam memberi nasihat walaupun defendan bukan seorang yg pakar dalam bidang automobil

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16
Q

Caparo Industries PLC v Dickman

A

Lord Oliver : Memberikan panduan dlm mewujudkan tugas utk berhati-hati bagi kenyataan cuai:
Nasihat hendaklah diperlukan bg sesuatu tujuan yang dinyatakan sama ada dgn jelas atau secara am;
Tujuan nasihat itu diperlukan mestilah dinyatakan kpd pemberi nasihat sama ada secara nyata atau melalui inferensi;
Pemberi nasihat hendaklah mengetahui yg nasihatnya itu akan dikomunikasikan kpd penerima nasihat dan nasihat itu akan digunakan oleh penerima nasihat utk sesuatu tujuan;
Mestilah diketahui sama ada secara nyata atau melalui inferensi yg nasihat tersebut akan digunakan utk sesuatu tujuan tanpa mendapatkan nasihat drp badan bebas; dan
Nasihat itu telah digunakan oleh penerima nasihat dan mendapat kerugian.

17
Q

Spring v Guardian Assurance

A

Tugas utk berhati-hati bg kerugian ekonomi tulen akibat kenyataan cuai diperluaskan kpd perhubungan antara majikan dgn bekas pekerjanya. HOL berpendapat bahawa adalah adil dan munasabah utk mengenakan tugas berhati-hati dlm situasi ini krn pergantungan bekas pekerja kpd kenyataan yg dibuat oleh bekas majikannya

Buku page 133

18
Q

Kedudukan di Malaysia buku page 134

A

Banyak kes yg telah menerima pakai prinsip kes HEDLEY BRYNE V. HELLER spt:
- Bank Bumiputera Malaysia SDN BHD v Yeoh Ho Hat
- Dato Seri Au Ba Chi v Malayan United Finance BHD & anor
- Chin Sin Motor Works SDN BHD & anor
- Arosa Development SDN BHD (page 135)
- Loh Bee Tuan v Shing Yin Construction SDN BHD

19
Q

Kerugian Ekonomi Yg Disebabkan Oleh Perbuatan Cuai

A
  • Kedudukan asal
    Tidak boleh dituntut
20
Q

contoh yes law Kerugian Ekonomi Yg Disebabkan Oleh Perbuatan Cuai

A

Cattle v Stockton Waterworks Company

21
Q

Spartan Steeland Alloys v Martin & Co (Contractors) (page 141)

A

Lord Denning : …if claims for economic loss were permitted for this particular hazard, there would be no end of claims.

22
Q

Kesediaan mahkamah utk membenarkan tuntutan kerugian ekonomi tulen

A
  1. Dutton v Bognor Regis District Council
  2. Anna v Merton London Borough Council
  3. Junior Books LTD v Veitchi Co LTD (page 142)
22
Q

Berbalik kpd kedudukan asal

A

D & F Estates LTD v Church Commissioners for England & ors (page 144)
- Lord Bridge : If the hidden defect in the chattel is the cause of personal injury or damage to the property other than the chattel itself, the manufacturer is liable. But if the hidden defect is discovered before any such damage is caused, there is no longer any room for the application of DONOGHUE V. STEVENSON PRINCIPLE…..
- If the same principle applies in the field of real property to the liability of the builder of a permanent structure which is dangerously defective, that liability can only rise if the defect remains hidden until the defective structure causes personal injury or damage to property other than the structure itself. If the defect is discovered before any damage is done, loss sustained by the owner of the structure, who has to repair or demolish it to avoid a potential source of danger to third parties, would seem to be purely economic.
- Lord Bridge (menolak kptsan JUNIOR BOOKS) : The decision of the majority is so far dependent upon the unique, albeit non-contractual, relationship between the pursuer and the defender in that case and the unique scope of the duty of care owed by the defender to the pursuer arising from that r/ship that the decision cannot be regarded as laying down any principle of general application in the law of tort or deceit.

23
Q

example of cases for berbalik kpd kedudukan asal

A
  • Candlewood Navigation Corp LTD v Mutsui Osk Lines LTD (page 142)
  • Muirhead v Industrial Tanks Specialities LTD (page 143)
  • Simon General Contracting Co. v Pilkington Glass LTD (page 143)
24
Q

Murphy v Brentwood District Council (page 150(

A

Memansuhkan keputusan kes Anns v Merton London Borough Council

25
Q

Kedudukan di Malaysia

A

Sehingga akhir tahun 1990an, mengikut perkembangan di England

26
Q

contoh kes law untuk kedudukan di malaysia

A

-Wan Mohamed J. : Kerugian yg dialami oleh plaintif adalah kerugian ekonomi tulen, dan defendan ketiga tidak boleh dikenakan tanggungan di bawah tort bagi kerugian yg dialami oleh plaintif dlm kes ini kerana tiada sesiap pun yg cedera atau tiada harta kepunyaan orang lain rosak akibat drp perbuatan atau salahlaku defendan ketiga. Keputusan yg dibuat oleh Dewan Pertuanan (HOL) dlm kes MURPHY dan lain-lain kes lagi yg membuat keputusan yg sama, adalah sangat munasabah, berpatutan dan sepatutnya diterima sehingga bila-bila masa pun.

27
Q

contoh kes law untuk kedudukan di malaysia

A
  • Teh Khem Ơn & ors & anor v Teoh & Wu Development SDN BHD (page 148)
  • Pilba Trading & Agency v South East Asia Insurance BHD & anor (page 152)
28
Q

Teh Khem Ơn & ors & anor v Teoh & Wu Development SDN BHD (page 148)

A

Tindakan dibawa oleh sekumpulan pembeli terhadap;
i)Pemaju bagi kecacatan dalam pembinaan rumah yang dibeli oleh pembeli2
ii)Arkitek, jurutera dan majlis bandaran bagi ganti rugi kecuaian.
Mahkamah Tinggi:
i)Membenarkan tuntutan terhadap pemaju di bawah kontrak.
ii)Menolak tuntutan bagi ganti rugi kecuaian terhadap pihak2 lain atas alasan ianya pure economic loss.

29
Q

Perubahan sikap mahkamah / current law buku page starting 153

A

Dr. Abdul Hamid Abdul Rashid & Anor v Jurusan Malaysia Consultants & ors(page 149)
- James Foong J. : Of all the reasons against allowing pure economic loss, the fundamental rational is still to prevent the creation of liability to ‘an indeterminate amount for an indeterminate time to an indeterminate class. But this can cause misconception and an unallied fear (alasan polisi)

30
Q

Steven Phoa v Highlands Properties (page 153)

A

Mahkamah Tinggi (James Foong J) : Membenarkan tuntutan utk krugian ekonomi tulen atas alasan yg sama dgn keputusannya dlm kes DR. ABDUL HAMID.
Mahkamah Rayuan (Gopal Sri Ram JCA) : Tidak bersetuju dgn alasan yg diberikan oleh James Foong J. Soalan yg perlu ditanya ialah sama ada kerugian ekonomi tulen boleh diramal (dipralihat) secara munasabah oleh defendan? Mahkamah Rayuan juga memansuhkan keputusan kes DR. ABDUL HAMID & PILBA TRADING.
- Dalam kes ini, walaupun Mahkamah Rayuan bersetuju bahawa pure economic loss boleh dituntut, namun ianya adalah atas prinsip undang-undang yg berbeza dari alasan yang diberikan oleh James Foong, J. iaitu atas alasan polisi.
- Gopal Sri Ram:
1)Neighbourhood principle in Stevenson v Donoghue is applicable to claims for both physical damage and pure economic loss.
2)Pure economic loss is recoverable in negligence provided it is a reasonably foreseeable type of loss; and
3)Policy considerations play no part in negating or limiting the scope of the duty of care in negligence

31
Q

Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya v Steven Phoa Cheng Loon

A
  • Salah satu pihak dalam kes Steven Phoa, iaitu MPAJ telah membuat rayuan ke Mahkamah Persekutuan terhadap keputusan Mahkamah Rayuan.
  • Federal Court held:
    1)Pure economic loss is recoverable in negligence
    2)COA was correct to hold that the critical question was not the nature of the damage itself, whether physical or pecuniary, but whether the scope of the duty of care in the circumstances of the case is such as to embrace damage of the kind which the P claimed to have sustained
    3)When deciding the issue of liability for claims in negligence, be it physical or pure economic loss, the court has to determine whether it is fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care
  • Abdul Hamid Mohamad FCJ:
    that it was not fair, just and reasonable to impose such a burden on MPAJ or other local councils in similar situations for the economic loss suffered by the Plaintiff/Respondent
32
Q

Lim Teck Kong v Dr. Abdul Hamid Abdul Rashid & Anoor

A

Mokhtar Sidin JCA : In our view, the learned judge was within his right to award damages on pure economic loss. We have been too long in the shadow of HOL’s decisions of MURPHY and D & F Estates. We are of the view that it is time for us to move out of that shadow and move along with other Commonwealth countries where damages could be awarded for pure economic loss.