pelvis and peruneum

Question 1

what is the bony pelvis

Answer 1

the 2 pelvic bones and the sacrum

Question 2

what is the shallow basin

Answer 2

it is formed from the 2 iliac fossae and is technically part of the abdomen

Question 3

what is the pelvic cavity

Answer 3

the region between the pelvic inlet and outlet
short and cylindrical in women
elongated and tapered in men

Question 4

organs in the pelvic cavity

Answer 4

urinary bladder
prostate gland 
uterus
cervix 
upper vagina 
rectum

Question 5

what is the pelvic floor

Answer 5

sheet of muscle
pelvic diaphragm
formed by the levator ani muscle

Question 6

describe the urinary bladder

Answer 6

tetrahedral
superior surface is covered in perineum
inferolateral walls contact muscles of pelvic wall and pelvic diaphragm
posterior surface contacts the seminal vesicles and rectum (male) and superior part of the vagina (female)
ureter enter at postero-superior corners
urether leaves through inferior corner - thick sm = vesical sphincter

Question 7

where does the bladder go when full

Answer 7

expands into the loose fascia, between peritoneaum and the transversalis fascia of anterior abdominal wall

Question 8

describe the prostate gland

Answer 8

surrounds the part of the male urethra
secretes into the urethra through many openings
contains sm - contract in orgasm to pump secretion in urethra
this is emission -> contraction of skeletal muscle arund penile urethra = ejaculation

Question 9

describe the seminal vesicles

Answer 9

lie on the posterior surface of bladder
each has a duct that opens into ductus deferebs below dilated ampulla
combined duct on each side passes through the postrate to the urethra

Question 10

describe the uterus

Answer 10

receives 2 uuterine tubes at upper cornrs through anterior wall of the vagina
domed upper portion above tubes is fundus
main part =- body
thick, fibromuscular cylinderacal part is projecting vagina = cervix
uterus has thick wall of sm - myometrium, lined by mucosa wiuth glandular epithelium - enbdometrium

Question 11

describe the cervical canal

Answer 11

contains mucus secreting glands lined by the columnar epithelium
vaginal surface of cervix us covered by stratified squamous non-kertiinised epi - enterocervix

Question 12

attachments of the cervix

Answer 12

it attachhes to the bony wall of the pelvis through strong bands of pelvic fascia - cervical (parametriial) ligaments
hold cervix in place in childbirth - prevent being pushed down through the vagina
if these fail - prolapse

Question 13

describe the uterine tubes

Answer 13

open into peritoneal cavity close to the ovaries
the mouth - infundibulum is surrounded by tentacles called fimbriae
tubes open into thin walled ampulla followed by thicker isthmus

Question 14

describe the broad ligament

Answer 14

fold of mesentery
switch from 1 side of pelvic cavity to another
where uterus lies
ovarian and uterine bv lie in thus

Question 15

describe the rectum

Answer 15

serpentine tube
following the anterior surface of the lower sacrum
concave forward - has 2 bends - one to thr R and one to the L

Question 16

where are the ovaries

Answer 16

in a subsidiary peritoneal fold

ovarian ligament on posterior surface of broad ligament just below infundibulum of uterine tube

Question 17

describe the internal iliac arteries

Answer 17

supply blood to the pelvic walls and organs
not the gonads - they are high in the abdomen - supplied by ovarian/testicular arteries
rectum - blood from superior rectal artery - brance of inferior mesenteric, and middle and inferior rectal arteries - branch from internal iliac
in foetus umbilical arteries arise from the superior vesical branches of the internal iliac

Question 18

umbilical arteries in adults

Answer 18

remain as medial umbilical ligaments

Question 19

describe the venous drainage of the pelvis

Answer 19

internal iliac veins - main

within the pelvic fascia the veins form an elaborate plexus

Question 20

describe venous drainage of the rectum

Answer 20

reflects the arterial supply
rectal veins are important portal-systemic anastomosis
dilation of the rectal veins is piles

Question 21

lymph drainage of the pelvic organs

Answer 21

into external and internal iliac nodes

gonads directly into the pre-aortic nodes of upper abdomen

Question 22

lymph drainage from the perineum

Answer 22

pass to superficial inguinal nodes in groin

Question 23

describe the perineum

Answer 23

lies inferior to pelvic diaphragm

divided into anterior (urogenital) triangle containing opening of urethra and vagina and its opening

Question 24

what is the ishioanal fossa

Answer 24

in the anal triangle
space between the pelvic diaphragm and lateral wall of pelvis on both sides is filled with fat
allows expansion of the anal canal and the vagina
may become the site of abcesses if infection spreads into it from lesions of the anal canal

Question 25

inferior rectal vessels

Answer 25

may be cut if episiotomy is carelessly placed in birth

these vessels and nerves arise from pudendal canal

Question 26

the pedendal canal

Answer 26

fibrous sheath on the lateral wall of fossa wothin which the pudenal nerve and internal pudendal vessels run forward from the posterior pelvis to anterior perineum

Question 27

describe the anterior triangle of the perineum

Answer 27

has deeply placed fibrous region containing the urethral sphincter
superficially - superficial perineal pouch containing erectile tissue masses of the penis or of the clitoris and vestibular bulbs - surrounded by skeletal muscle, contract in an orgasm
female urethra and vagina open into space called vestibule lying between labia minora

Question 28

describe the labia minora

Answer 28

the anterior ends form a prepuce around the galds of the clitoris
on either side are the labia majora

Question 29

libia minora and majora in males

Answer 29

main differences:
size
minora are fused to extend the urethra to the tip of the glans
majora are fused to form the scrotal sac