Pelvis and Perineum: Part 2 Flashcards
What is the function of the pelvis?
Transfers weight of the upper body to the lower body
What four bones form the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum
Coccyx
Os Coaxae (Hip Bones) x2
What separates the Greater (false) pelvis from the Lesser (true) pelvis?
Pelvic Brim (Arcuate Line)
What are the structures of the os coxae? (hip bones)
Ilium
Acetabulum
Pubis
Ischium
Obturator Foramen
What structures form the posterior wall of the abdomen?
Lumbar Vertebrae
Where is the most common site of back pain?
L4 and L5
What divides the Sciatic Foramina?
Sacrospinous Ligament
Sacrotuberious Ligament
What runs through the Greater Sciatic Foramen?
Gluteal Nerves
Gluteal Arteries
Sciatic Nerve
Piriformis
What runs through the Lesser Sciatic Foramen?
Pudendal Nerve
Pudendal Artery
Pudendal Vein
What are the two main nerves form the Sacral Plexus?
Sciatic
Pudendal
What is the largest nerve in the entire body?
Sciatic Nerve
Where does the Sciatic nerve most commonly pass through?
Greater Sciatic Foramina
What spinal nerves make up the Sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
What is the main nerve of the perineum and the chief sensory nerve of the external genitalia?
Pudendal Nerve
Where does the Pudendal Nerve exit the pelvis?
Greater Sciatic Foramina
What spinal nerves make up the Pudendal Nerve?
Pudendal S2-S4
- keeps your shit and dick off the floor
What nerves make up the Coccygeal Plexus?
S4
S5
Coccygeal Nerve
Fibers that produce contraction of internal genital organs during orgasm and inhibit rectal peristalsis
Sympathetic
Stimulates contraction of the rectum and bladder for defecation and urination
Parasympathetic
What nervous system is responsible for an erection
Parasympathetic (P = Point)
How many main arteries are in the female pelvis?
4
How many main arteries are in the male pelvis?
3
What paired arteries arise below the renal artery and descend into the pelvis medial to the ureter?
Paired Ovarian Artery
Paired Testicular Artery
Know the major arteries inferior to the heart
See Image
What are the three parts of the Levator Ani Muscle?
Puborectalis
Iliococcygeus
Pubococcygeus
What portion of the Levator Ani Muscle is important for defication?
Puborectalis
What nerves innervate the Levator Ani Muscle?
Pudendal (S2-S4)
- keeps your shit and dick off the floor
What type of neuropathy is common after childbirth?
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction (neuropathy)
Where is the common site of gluteal injections and why?
Upper Outer Quadrant
- avoid nerves and arteries
What muscle is the lateral rotator when the hip is extended, and abductor of the thigh when the hip is flexed?
Piriformis
Connective ligaments of the Subperitoneal Endopelvic Fascia
Cardinal Ligament
Retrouterine
Hypogastric Sheath
What does the perineum consist of?
Male: Root of Penis, Scrotum, Anus
Female: Vulva and Anus
(Urogenital and Anal Triangles)
What organs are retroperitoneal?
Supra-adrenal Glands
Aorta
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
Where is the bladder located when empty?
Lesser Pelvis (True Pelvis)
Where is the bladder located when full?
Greater Pelvis (False Pelvis)
What smooth muscle surrounds the bladder?
Detrusor
Inferior portion of the detrusor muscle that tightens when the bladder contracts to prevent reflux into the kidney.
Trigone of the Bladder
How long is the female urethra?
3 - 4 cm
What does “water under the bridge” mean? (Not about Adele’s masterpiece of a song)
Uterine Artery crosses OVER Ureter
What are the four parts of the male urethra?
Intramural
Prostatic
Intermediate
Spongy
What part of the male urethra prevents semen from entering the bladder during ejaculation?
Intramural
What carries sperm from the testis to the ejaculatory duct?
Vas Deferens
What is known as the junction of Vas Deferens and Duct of Seminal Vesicle?
Ejaculatory Duct
What enters the prostate and opens into the Prostatic Urethra?
Ejaculatory Duct
Produces a mucus like secretion during sexual arousal to protect sperm from the acidic urine
Bulbo-urethral Gland
How long is the vagina?
7.5cm
Upper Posterior Wall of the Vagina is covered by peritoneum which reflects to form what?
Pouch of Douglas
(Rectouterine Pouch)
What is the size of the Uterus?
7cm long
7cm wide
2cm thick
What are the four parts of the Uterus?
Cervix - projects into the vagina
Isthmus
Body
Fundus
What is the muscular portion of the uterus that proliferates enormously during pregnancy?
Myometrium
Mucosal part of the uterus that proliferates during the menstrual cycle?
Endometrium
What arteries supply the uterus and what are they a branch of?
Uterine Arteries
- Branches of Iliac Arteries
Folds of the peritoneum that attach the uterus to the side wall of the pelvis
Broad Ligament
Portion of the Broad Ligament that covers the ovary and ovarian ligament
Mesovarium
Portion of the Broad Ligament that covers the Fallopian Tube and hangs below it to meet with the mesovarium.
Mesosalpinx
Makes up the remainder of the Broad Ligament
Mesometrium
Round cord that attaches the ovary to the uterus
Ovarian Ligament
Ligament of the uterus that reaches the lateral surface of the ureters below the uterine tube. HOLDS THE FUNDUS FORWARD.
Round Ligament
Peritoneal folds that cover the ovarian neurovascular supply as these vessels pass over the pelvic brim to reach the ovary
Suspensory Ligaments
Connects the isthmus of the uterus to the sacrum. Important for the support of the uterus, and it is found in the rectouterine fold.
Uterosacral Ligament
How long is the Fallopian Tube?
10 cm
What are the four parts of the Fallopian Tubes?
Uterine
Isthmus
Ampulla
Infundibulum with Fimbriae
Ovum embeds in the fallopian tube rather than uterine cavity
Tubal Pregnancy
- Ectopic and Non-viable
Reproductive organ suspended by the broad ligament and produces oocytes
Ovary
What does a Pap Smear test for?
Cervical Cancer
What is the most common cause of cervical cancer?
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
What lymph nodes do Cervical, Uterine, and Ovarian Cancer all drain to?
Para-Aortic Lymph Nodes
Space filled with fat and fascia lying between the levator ani and the side wall of the pelvis
Ischio-anal Fossa
(Ischiorectal Fossa)
Site of infection from anal glands
Ischio-Anal Fossa
Contains internal pudendal artery, vein, and nerve.
Pudendal (Alcock’s) Canal
What spinchter is contracted most of the time to prevent leakage is under involuntary control?
Internal Anal Spinchter
What anal spinchter is under voluntary control?
External Anal Spinchter
Zone where all aspects of squamous metaplasia are currently found or have occurred.
Pectate or Dentate Line
What two muscles make up the body of the penis?
Corpora Cavernosa
Corpus Spongiosum
What muscles plays a role in erection of the penis and clitoris?
Ischiocavernosous Muscle
Bulbospongiosus Muscle
Muscles of the Female genitalia
Portion of the penis that may be covered by a prepuce or foreskin
Glans Penis (head)
What arteries supply the penis?
Internal Pudendal Arteries
Is ejaculation sympathetic or parasympathetic
Sympathetic = Shoot
