Pelvic Limb Muscles-Muscle To Details

Question 1

Biceps femoris

Answer 1

Origin: sacrotuberous ligament; ischiatic tuberosity

Insertion: by means of the fascia lata and crural fascia to the patella, patellar ligament, and cranial border of the tibia; tuber calcanei via the common calcanean tendon

Action: extend hip and hock; extend (weight bearing)/flex (not weight bearing) the stifle

hamstring muscle

Question 2

Semitendinosus

Answer 2

Origin: ischiatic tuberosity

Insertion: medial surface of the tibial body; tuber calcanei via common calcanean tendon

Action: extend hip and hock; flex the stifle

hamstring muscle

Question 3

Semimembranosus

Answer 3

Origin: ischiatic tuberosity

Insertion: distal and medial aspect of the caudal femur; medial condyle of the tibia

Action: extend hip; extend (weight bearing)/flex (not weight bearing) the stifle

hamstring muscle

Question 4

Sartorius

Answer 4

Origin: crest of ilium; thoracolumbar fascia; ventral border of ilium

Insertion: patella and cranial border of tibia

Action: flex hip; extend (weight bearing)/flex (not weight bearing) the stifle

• cranial and caudal parts; caudal part forms cranial border of femoral triangle*
• deep inguinal lymph nodes at its cranial border*

Question 5

Gracilis

Answer 5

Origin: pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon

Insertion: cranial border of tibia; tuber calcanei via common calcanean tendon

Action: adduct limb; flex stifle; extend hip and hock

Question 6

Pectineus

Answer 6

Origin: pubis

Insertion: medial lip of caudal rough surface of femur

Action: adduct limb

makes the caudal border of the femoral triangle

Question 7

Adductor

Answer 7

Origin: pelvic symphysis via symphysial tendon; ventral surface of the pubis and ischium

Insertion: lateral lip of the caudal rough surface of femur

Action: adduct limb; extend hip

Question 8

Tensor fascia latae

Answer 8

Origin: tuber coxae; aponeurosis of middle gluteal

Insertion: fascia lata

Action: tense fascia lata; flex hip; extends stifle

Question 9

Superficial gluteal

Answer 9

Origin: sacrotuberous ligament; deep gluteal fascia

Insertion: third trochanter of the femur

Action: extend hip; abduct limb

Question 10

Middle gluteal

Answer 10

Origin: crest and gluteal surface of ilium

Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur

Action: extend hip; abduct limb; rotate pelvic limb medially

• piriformis muscle is considered part of the middle gluteal*
• in horse, an accessory gluteal muscle is considered part of the middle gluteal and is affiliated with the trochanteric bursa*

Question 11

Deep gluteal

Answer 11

Origin: body of ilium; ischiatic spine

Insertion: greater trochanter of the femur

Action: extend hip; abduct hip; rotate pelvic limb medially

Question 12

Internal obturator

Answer 12

Origin: dorsal pelvic symphysis

Insertion: trochanteric fossa of the femur

Action: rotate the limb laterally

• tendon and subtendinous bursa as the tendon passes over the less ischiadic notch*
• 1 of 4 small pelvic association muscles*

Question 13

Gemelli

Answer 13

Origin: lateral surface of ischium, ventral to the lesser ischiatic notch

Insertion: trochanteric fossa of the femur

Action: rotate limb laterally

• compression by the tendon of the internal obturator makes this muscle look like it has two parts*
• 1 of the 4 small pelvic association muscles*

Question 14

Quadratus femoris

Answer 14

Origin: ventral surface of caudal ischium

Insertion: intertrochanteric crest of the femur

Action: rotate limb laterally; extend hip

1 of the 4 small pelvic association muscles

Question 15

External obturator

Answer 15

Origin: ventral surface of pubis and ischium

Insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur

Action: rotate limb laterally

Question 16

Quadriceps femoris

Answer 16

Origin: ilium (rectus femoris); proximal aspect of femur (vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis)

Insertion: tibial tuberosity via the patellar ligament

Action: flex hip (rectus femoris); extend stifle (all heads)

essential for weight bearing

Question 17

Iliopsoas

Answer 17

Origin: ventral aspect of lumbar vertebrae; cranioventral ilium

Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

Action: flex hip

has two parts: psoas major and iliacus

Question 18

Cranial tibial

Answer 18

Origin: proximal and lateral aspect of the tibia near the extensor groove

Insertion: proximal plantar surface of MC I and II

Action: flex tarsus; rotate paw laterally

• the tendon is held down by the crural extensor retinaculum along with the tendon of the long digital extensor*
• in horse, the medial tendon is called the cunean tendon*

Question 19

Long digital extensor

Answer 19

Origin: extensor fossa of the femur

Insertion: extensor processes of distal phalanges II-V

Action: extend digits; flex tarsus

the tendon of this muscles is held down by the crural extensor retinaculum along with the cranial tibial tendon, as well as the tarsal extensor retinaculum on the dorsal surface of the metatarsus

Question 20

Fibularis/Peroneous longus

Answer 20

Origin: lateral collateral ligament; proximal aspect of tibia and fibula

Insertion: tarsal bone IV; plantar aspect of proximal ends of metatarsals

Action: flex tarsus; rotate paw medially

the horse has a fibularis tertius instead of a fibularis longus

Question 21

Gastrocnemius

Answer 21

Origin: medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur

Insertion: tuber calcanei

Action: extend tarsus; flex stifle

has medial and lateral heads, each containing a sesamoid bone in their tendons of origin; the two heads envelope the muscular portion of the SDF; these tendons (tendon of gastrocnemius and of SDF) form the central component of the calcanean tendon

Question 22

Superficial digital flexor

Answer 22

Origin: lateral supracondylar tuberosity of femur (in common with lateral head of gastrocnemius)

Insertion: tuber calcanei; plantar aspect of the base of middle phalanges II-V

Action: flex stifle; extend tarsus; flex digits

intertendinous calcanean bursa (between tendons of SDF and gastrocnemius) and subcutaneous calcanean bursa (between the skin and the tendon of the SDF)

Question 23

Deep digital flexor

Answer 23

Origin: proximal tibia and fibula and adjacent interosseous membrane between the two

Insertion: plantar aspect of the base of the distal phalanges I-V

Action: flex digits; extend tarsus

Question 24

Popliteous

Answer 24

Origin: lateral condyle of femur

Insertion: proximal and caudomedial aspect of tibia

Action: flex stifle; rotate crus medially

popliteal sesamoid bone in its tendon of origin