Peers Flashcards
Ethological theory of attachment
attachments form as infants develop social responsiveness to others
What were the behavioural outcomes of Harlow’s peer only monkeys
- excessive self stimulatory behaviours
- appropriate aggression handling
Bx outcomes of Harlow’s mother only monkey
- normal maternal attachment
- inappropriate aggression
Bx outcomes of Harlow’s isolated monkeys
- extreme withdrawal
- rocking and self-clasping
- inappropriate aggression
What conclusions did Harlow make?
- both peers and mothers important for appropriate behavioural development
- peer likely more important for aggression regulation
Cognitive developmental theory - peers
through sustained peer interaction children outgrow the preoperational (externally regulated) stage and move into concrete operations
Social cognitive theory
- peers are models that provide social sanctions and define self-efficacy expectations
Judith Harris’ theory
peers more important for socialisation development in children
Peer sociability in infancy
- by 12-18 months can react appropriately to others’ behaviour
- 20-24 months, engage in reciprocal play and begin to display self-awareness
Peer sociability in preschool
2-3, remain near adult
4-5, play more directed at peers
What are the 4 categories of play?
- solitary
- parallel
- associative
- cooperative
Peer groups in middle childhood and adolescence
- playmates who interact on a regular basis
- formulates own norms
- develops hierarchical organisation to obtain shared goals
Cliques
- form in early adolescence
- small groups of friends
Dating relationships in adolescene
- 90% have dated by 15
- tend to be better emotionally adjusted than those who don’t date
Parental influences on peer interactions
- attachments may foster/inhibit peer sociability
- parental monitoring
- indirect monitoring // greater likability by peers than direct monitoring
- parenting styles
- authoritative // socially skilled behaviours
- authoritarian // poor social outcomes incl. rejection
Categories of peer likability
popular rejected neglected controversial average status
Factors related to peer acceptance
parenting styles
temperament
behavioural correlates (aggressive/withdrawn // rejection)
social skills
Adjustment outcomes of high quality friendships
higher self esteem
less loneliness
more satisfaction at school
reduced peer victimisation
Berndt findings on peer conformity
conformity to peer pressure for prosocial activities remained stable from 3rd to 12th grade
What year does peer sponsored misconduct peak in?
year 9
