Peers

Question 1

Ethological theory of attachment

Answer 1

attachments form as infants develop social responsiveness to others

Question 2

What were the behavioural outcomes of Harlow’s peer only monkeys

Answer 2

• excessive self stimulatory behaviours

- appropriate aggression handling

Question 3

Bx outcomes of Harlow’s mother only monkey

Answer 3

• normal maternal attachment

- inappropriate aggression

Question 4

Bx outcomes of Harlow’s isolated monkeys

Answer 4

• extreme withdrawal
• rocking and self-clasping
• inappropriate aggression

Question 5

What conclusions did Harlow make?

Answer 5

• both peers and mothers important for appropriate behavioural development
• peer likely more important for aggression regulation

Question 6

Cognitive developmental theory - peers

Answer 6

through sustained peer interaction children outgrow the preoperational (externally regulated) stage and move into concrete operations

Question 7

Social cognitive theory

Answer 7

• peers are models that provide social sanctions and define self-efficacy expectations

Question 8

Judith Harris’ theory

Answer 8

peers more important for socialisation development in children

Question 9

Peer sociability in infancy

Answer 9

• by 12-18 months can react appropriately to others’ behaviour
• 20-24 months, engage in reciprocal play and begin to display self-awareness

Question 10

Peer sociability in preschool

Answer 10

2-3, remain near adult

4-5, play more directed at peers

Question 11

What are the 4 categories of play?

Answer 11

• solitary
• parallel
• associative
• cooperative

Question 12

Peer groups in middle childhood and adolescence

Answer 12

• playmates who interact on a regular basis
• formulates own norms
• develops hierarchical organisation to obtain shared goals

Question 13

Cliques

Answer 13

• form in early adolescence

- small groups of friends

Question 14

Dating relationships in adolescene

Answer 14

• 90% have dated by 15

- tend to be better emotionally adjusted than those who don’t date

Question 15

Parental influences on peer interactions

Answer 15

• attachments may foster/inhibit peer sociability
• parental monitoring
• indirect monitoring // greater likability by peers than direct monitoring
• parenting styles
• authoritative // socially skilled behaviours
• authoritarian // poor social outcomes incl. rejection

Question 16

Categories of peer likability

Answer 16

popular
rejected
neglected
controversial
average status

Question 17

Factors related to peer acceptance

Answer 17

parenting styles
temperament
behavioural correlates (aggressive/withdrawn // rejection)
social skills

Question 18

Adjustment outcomes of high quality friendships

Answer 18

higher self esteem
less loneliness
more satisfaction at school
reduced peer victimisation

Question 19

Berndt findings on peer conformity

Answer 19

conformity to peer pressure for prosocial activities remained stable from 3rd to 12th grade

Question 20

What year does peer sponsored misconduct peak in?

Answer 20

year 9