Aggression and bullying Flashcards
Define aggression
destructive behaviour that is socially defined as aggression (must incl. intent to harm)
Types of aggression
hostile - reactive
instrumental - proactive
Hostility vs anger
hostility = attitude anger = emotion
Trait theory of aggression
aggression is innate and stable across the lifetime
Drive theory
Freud - catharsis hypothesis
Sociocognitive influences
modelling
enactive experience
direct tuition
Sociocognitive regulators
social expectations
self expectations
self-efficacy beliefs
Information processing model
- encode social skills
- interpret
- formulate social goals
- generate problem solving strategies
- evaluate effectiveness
- enact a response
Patterson’s acquisition of aggression model
learn via negative reinforcement from parents who use an authoritarian style
Parenting influences on acquisition of aggression
inconsistent parental discipline and severe punishment increase likelihood of aggressive children
Egan + Perry victimisation hypothesis
low self regard and abusive treatment are self-reinforcing
Types of peer victimisation
physical
verbal
relational
cyber
Peer factors in victimisation
peer group status
minority status
few friends
poor quality friendships
Family factors in victimisation
overprotected children
enmeshed relationships
poor parent-child communication
Psychological outcomes of peer victimisation
depression (highest with cyber) anxiety low self-esteem acting out school refusal suicidal ideation (increasing with cyber)
Personal mediators of depressive outcomes
Coping skills
coping self-efficacy beliefs
What are the four coping self-efficacy domains?
Cognitive - SE for avoiding self-blame - victim-role disengagement Behavioural - SE for proactive behaviour - SE for avoiding aggressive behaviour
Mediating factors between cyber bullying and poor MH outcomes
coping strategies and emotional regulation
Definition of bullying
repeated and prolonged exposure to negative actions on the part of one or more peers (needs to involve imbalance of power)
Bullying participant roles
bully reinforcer assistant victim defender of the victim outsider
Bystander effect prevalance
80-90% of students passively witness bullying
Cyber bullying
occur online, doesn’t have to be repeated
Sutton - causes of bullying
bullies are skilled manipulators
use bullying to achieve goals
Crick and Dodge - causes of bullying
bullies are oafs
have deficient information processing biases
Moral disengagement
selective disengagemnt of internal controls which permits different types of conduct with the same moral standards
Mechanisms of moral disengagment
moral justification euphemistic language advantageous comparison displacement of responsibility diffusion of responsibility consequence distortion attribution of blame dehumanisation
Moderators of the MD-bullying link
empathetic concern
mindfulness
MD and defenders
MD = aggressive defenders
no MD = constructive defenders
MD and bullying roles
// all types except bystander
Collective MD
predicted bullying beyond individual MD
