Peers

Question 1

Know the material very well on peer acceptance and rejection

Answer 1

Peer acceptance/rejection
A child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates, as a worthy social partner.
- Not a mutual relationship but a one-sided perspective > group’s view of an individual
Social skills

Popular children > positive votes (well-liked)
Rejected children > negative votes (disliked)
Controversial children > both positive and negative votes (both liked and disliked)
Neglected children > either positively or negatively

Question 2

Know the material very well on gender differences in peer socialization

Answer 2

Gender composition
Age of 3: children already prefer to spend time with same-sex playmates
4-12 years of age: playing in same-sex groups increase

Group size
5 yrs-onward: boys tend to associate in larger clusters than girls do. Girls are more likely than boys to play in groups of two or three.

Interaction in same-sex groups
Boys are more likely to participate in organized group games than girls are.
They also are more likely to engage in rough-and-tumble play, competition, conflict, ego, displays, risk taking, and dominance seeking.
And, more than girls’ groups, boys’ groups seek to attain a group goal.
Girls are more likely to engage in “collaborative discourse.”

Question 3

Know the material very well on function of friendships

Answer 3

Companionship = a familiar partner and playmate, someone who is willing to spend time with us and join collaborative activities.

Stimulation = interesting information, excitement, and amusement

Ego support = expectations of support, encouragement, and feedback, which helps us maintain an impression of ourselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals.

Social comparison = information about where we stand visits others and how we are doing.

Affection = a warm, close, trusting relationship with another individual.

Intimacy = characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts. Research reveals that intimate friendships may not appear until early adolescence.

Question 4

Know the material very well on peer conformity

Answer 4

Pressure to conform to:
- Dress, grooming, social activities
- Proadult behavior
- Misconduct (rises in early adolescence > low overall)

More conformity > early adolescence
Authoritative parenting helps resist pressures

Question 5

Know the material very well on dating

Answer 5

Early adolescents tend to mention recreation and achieving peer status as reasons for dating. By late adolescence, as young people are ready for greater intimacy, they seek dating partners who offer personal compatibility, companionship, affection, and social support.

Question 6

Know the material very well on Parten’s play stypes

Answer 6

Solitary play
Child plays alone

Onlooker play
Watches other kids play

Parallel play
A child plays near other children with similar materials (doesn’t try to influence their behavior)

Associative play
Children engage in separate activities (exchange toys & comment on one another’s behavior)

Cooperative play
Children orient toward a common goal (acting-out a make-believe theme)

Question 7

Know the material very well on agression

Answer 7

Children who engage in solitary, repetitive behavior (banging blocks, making a doll, jump and down) tend to immature, impulsive youngsters who find it difficult to regulate anger and aggression.

▪️Instrumental = privilege, w/ no intent to harm another (decreases w/age)
▪️Reactive: occurs in response to being hurt, threatened or deprived.
▪️Hostile = hurt another > physical, verbal, relational (increases w/age)
- verbal aggression gradually replaces physical aggression