peer interactions + moral reasoning

Question 1

timeline of peer interactions

Answer 1

• infancy: look, vocalize, cry
• 1-2 yr: interact, pretend play
• 3 yr: more coordinated play, role taking
• 6 yr: imaginative play
• 7 yr: same gender preference
• 11 yr: emotional support
• 13+ yr: cross gender friendships
• peer preference over adult preference from 2.5 yrs and increases

Question 2

socialising role of peers

Answer 2

• model behaviours
• reinforce behaviours
• setting benchmarks for comparison
• peer acceptance influences happiness/behaviour

Question 3

sociometric techniques

Answer 3

used to categorize children according to popularity

-put 3 children into one category etc.

Question 4

factors affecting peer status

Answer 4

• temperament
• past experiences
• physical appearance
• social skills

Question 5

social information processing study

Answer 5

• normal and aggressive rejected children watched video of social interactions involving peer group entry and provocation
• asked questions relating to social info processing model
• child assessed on peer group and also were provoked
• average child: scored well, 97% time in solitary activity + remainder in positive peer play
• aggressive rejected child: scored badly, 48% solitary and rest in antisocial interaction. responded to provocation with anger

Question 6

parents helping with peer acceptance

Answer 6

• being first people to interact with child
• being role model
• building up confidence

Question 7

teacher promotion of peer acceptance

Answer 7

• asking positively toned questions
• offering useful suggestions
• making supportive statements
• children improved on sociometric measures

Question 8

moral reasoning

Answer 8

=judgements of justice, rights, how people ought to relate to another

Question 9

moral systems

Answer 9

=interlocking values/norms that work together –> make social life possible

Question 10

what part of the brain does moral reasoning involve?

Answer 10

hypothalamic-limbic system

Question 11

empathy

Answer 11

=feeling as another does

Question 12

sympathy

Answer 12

=feeling for another

Question 13

emotional contagion

Answer 13

=tendency to catch emotions e.g. babies cry when another does
-pupillary contagion in adults

Question 14

mimicry

Answer 14

=synchronise expressions e.g. neonates mimic facial expressions

Question 15

development of concern for others

Answer 15

• longitudinal study, children ages 11-12 months, over a year transitioned from being upset when someone else showed distress to engaging in prosocial behaviours to comfort them at 15 months
• 18 month old show concern for stranger but no emotion

Question 16

development of moral reasoning

Answer 16

piaget:
-4-5 yrs- premoral judgement- don’t understand rules
-5-10 yrs- moral realism- rules cannot be changed
-10+ yrs- moral subjectivism- rules can be changed and intentions influence
kohlberg:
-preconventional- what is seen as right is obedience to authorities
-conventional- good behaviour is doing what is expected by people close to you
-postconventional- right behaviour and rules are in the best interest of the group (reached by 20yrs)

Question 17

criticisms of kohlberg’s theory

Answer 17

• only tested females
• westernised
• children know the distinction between moral and social conventions early on

Question 18

kruger

Answer 18

7-10 yr girls in peer condition were better at moral reasoning than on their own