PEE 3.2 Food and Water Resources Flashcards
An underconsumption
of calories or nutrients that leaves the
body weakened and susceptible to
disease.
Undernutrition
An overconsumption of
calories that leaves the body susceptible
to disease.
Overnutrition
Our goals:
1) End poverty in all its forms everywhere
2) End hunger, achieve food security and
improved nutrition and promote
sustainable agriculture
A situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to
sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an
active and healthy life.
Food Security
FOUR COMPONENTS of Food Security
AAUS
1. Availability
2. Access
3. Utilization
4. Stability
The amount of food that is present in a country or area through all forms of
domestic production, imports, food stocks and food aid.
Availability
Entails ensuring people have adequate access (physical, economic and social) to food
through either growing, purchasing, being gifted, bartering or trading for it.
Access
Generally focuses on how the body uses the various nutrients in food to enable
that person performs his/her daily activities.
Utilization
Refers to the concept that food must be present always in terms of the other three
components in order for food security to exist.
Stability
The lack of adequate physical, social or economic
access to enough safe and nutritious food necessary for normal growth and development and an active and healthy life.
Food Insecurity
Effect of food insecurity as
HUNGER
The assurance that food will not cause harm to the consumer when it is
prepared and/or eaten according to its intended use.
Food Safety
RA No. 10611
“FOOD SAFETY ACT OF 2013.”
Before COVID
Population affected
During COVID Pandemic
Climate Shocks
Conflict
Locust Crisis
COVID 19
As people become more affluent they are deemed to
begin eating food that is richer in protein and other
nutrients and usually in higher volumes.
Economic-driven Food Consumption
As people become more affluent they are deemed to
begin eating food that is richer in protein and other
nutrients and usually in higher volumes.
Economic-driven Food Consumption
Materials intended for human consumption that are
subsequently discharged, lost, degraded or
contaminated.
Food Loss and Food Waste
Wasted food = ?
Wasted food = wasted land, fertilizer, water and associated environmental problems such as greenhouse gas emissions
Challenges to Agriculture
LGIE
1. Loss of Agricultural Land
2. Global Decline in Domesticated Plant and Animal Varieties
3. Increasing Crop and Livestock Yields
4. Environmental Impacts
conversion of agricultural land and urbanization
Loss of Agricultural Land
Replacing the local varieties of crops or domesticated farm animals with just a
few kinds
Global Decline in Domesticated Plant and Animal Varieties
Intensification of food production to meet the ever-increasing demand of
human population
Increasing Crop and Livestock Yields
Natural capital degradation
Environmental Impacts
Environmental Impacts
BSWA
1. Biodiversity Loss
2. Soil
3. Water
4. Air Pollution
Biodiversity Loss
- Conversion of grasslands, forests, and wetlands to crops or rangeland.
- Fish kills from pesticide runoff
- Killing of wild predators to protect livestock
- Loss of agrobiodiversity replaced by monoculture strains.
Soil
- Erosion
- Loss of fertility
- Salinization
- Waterlogging
- Desertification
Water
- Aquifer depletion
- Increased runoff, sediment pollution, and flooding from cleared land.
- Pollution from pesticides
- Algal blooms and fish kills caused by runoff of fertilizers and farm wastes.
Air Pollution
- Emissions of greenhouse gases CO2 from fossil fuel use, N2O from inorganic fertilizer use, and methane (CH4) from cattle.
- Other air pollutants from fossil fuel use and pesticide sprays.
The uppermost layer of Earth’s crust, which supports terrestrial plants, animals, and microorganisms.
Formed from parent material by
weathering processes
Soil
Mostly organic matter and humus; plant litter accumulates and decays.
O-horizon
Dark; high concentration of organic matter
A-horizon (topsoil)
Light-colored; litter and nutrient minerals leached from A-horizon accumulate here.
B-horizon (subsoil)
(Weathered parent material): Below roots, often saturated with groundwater.
C-horizon
(Parent Material)
Consolidated bedrock
Soil Problems
- Soil Erosion
- Soil Pollution
The wearing away or removal of soil from the land.
A process caused by water, wind and other agents
but accelerated by human activities.
Soil Erosion
Any physical or chemical change in soil that
adversely affects the health of plants and other
organisms living in or on the soil.
Soil pollutants may include fertilizers and pesticides,
salts (salinization), petroleum products, and heavy
metals.
Soil Pollution
The wise use of soil resources,
without a reduction in the amount or
fertility of soil, so it is productive for
future generations.
Sustainable Soil Use
Soil Conservation and Regeneration
CCCST
1. Conservation Tillage
2. Crop Rotation
3. Contour Plowing
4. Strip Cropping
5. Terracing
A method of cultivation in which residues from previous
crops are left in the soil, partially covering it and helping to
hold it in place until the newly planted seeds are
established.
Conservation Tillage
The planting of a series of different crops in the same field
over a period of years.
Crop Rotation
Plowing that matches the natural contour of the land.
Contour Plowing
A special type of contour plowing that produces alternating
strips of different crops along natural contours.
Strip Cropping
Creating ‘terraces’ or are small earthen embankments
placed across a steep hillside or mountain that curbs water
flow and reduces the amount of soil erosion.
Terracing
Agricultural methods that maintain soil productivity and a healthy ecological balance while
having minimal long-term impacts. (also called alternative or low-input agriculture)
Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Intensification
1) MORE FOOD: Intensification that meets the demand
2) SAME LAND AREA: Intensification without expansion
3) LESS IMPACTS: Intensification while lowering GHG emission
OUR TARGET»_space; ???
OUR TARGET»_space; SUSTAINABLE INTENSIFICATION
Possible Solutions for Environmental Impacts of Food Production
1) Preserving the quality of agricultural soil
2) Organic Agriculture (with no pesticides) and Integrated Pest Management or IPM (with limited use of pesticides)
3) Genetic Engineering, the manipulation of genes (for example, taking a specific gene from one species and placing it into an unrelated species) to produce a particular trait
4) Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO)
5) Aquaculture, the rearing of aquatic organisms, especially of marine mollusks
Trade-offs for Environmental Impacts of Food Production
- Genetically Modified Crops and Foods
- Animal Feedlots and CAFOs
- Aquaculture
Water continuously circulates through the environment resulting to a balance
of the water resources in the ocean, on the land, and in the atmosphere.
The Hydrologic Cycle
Level of Water
- Surface water
- Runoff
- Groundwater
- Aquifers
Precipitation that remains on the surface of the land and does not seep down through the soil.
Surface water
The movement of fresh water from precipitation and snowmelt to rivers, lakes, wetlands, and the ocean.
Runoff
The supply of fresh water under Earth’s surface that is stored in underground aquifers.
Groundwater
Underground reservoirs in
which groundwater is stored.
Aquifers
Water Resource Problems
3 Categories:
- too much water
- too little water
- poor-quality water
5 Water Resource Problems
- AQUIFER DEPLETION
- SALT INTRUSION
- OVERDRAWING SURFACE WATERS
- SALINIZATION OF IRRIGATED SOIL
- OTHER ISSUES
- Freshwater shortages
- Sharing water resources among countries
the removal of groundwater
faster than it can be recharged by
precipitation or melting snow
AQUIFER DEPLETION
the movement of seawater into a
freshwater aquifer near the coast
SALT INTRUSION
Removing too much fresh water from a river or lake can have disastrous consequences in local ecosystems. Humans can remove perhaps 30 percent of a river’s flow without greatly affecting the natural environment.
In some places, considerably more is withdrawn for human use. In the arid American Southwest, it is not unusual for 70 percent or more of surface water to be removed.
OVERDRAWING SURFACE WATERS
The gradual accumulation of salt in soil, often as a result of improper irrigation
methods.
SALINIZATION OF IRRIGATED SOIL
OTHER ISSUES
- Freshwater shortages - Water stress is a phrase
used to describe countries where water consumption exceeds by >20% the available, renewable water supply. - Sharing water resources among countries
A physical or chemical change in water that adversely affects the health of
humans and other organisms.
Water Pollution
Water pollution that can be traced to a specific spot
Point source pollution
Pollution that enter bodies of water over large
areas rather than being concentrated at a single point of entry
Nonpoint source pollution
The wise use of water resources, without harming the essential functioning of
the hydrologic cycle or the ecosystems on which present and future humans
depend.
Sustainable Water Use
Main goals of a dam-and-reservoir system:
- capture and store the surface runoff from a river’s
watershed - release it as needed to control floods
- generate electricity (hydropower)
- supply freshwater for irrigation and for towns and cities
Water Conservation
- Reducing Agricultural Water Waste
- Reducing Water Waste in Industry
- Reducing Municipal Water Waste
A type of irrigation that conserves water by piping it to crops
through sealed systems
Microirrigation
Reducing Agricultural Water Waste
Industries may recapture, purify, and reuse water to reduce their water use and their water treatment costs.
Reducing Water Waste in Industry
Recycle (gray water) or reuse water to reduce consumption. Also done by providing consumer education, requiring water-saving household fixtures, developing economic incentives to save water, repairing leaky water supply systems and increasing the price of water to reflect its true cost.
Reducing Municipal Water Waste
Preventing Water Pollution at Your Home
