PEE 2.1 Species and Ecosystem Services

Question 1

(the rate that existed before modern humans evolved some 200,000
years ago):

Answer 1

Background extinction rate

Question 2

How many species die per year for every 1 million wild species living on the earth

Answer 2

1 species

Question 3

Projected annual extinction rate (for this century)

Answer 3

100 to 1,000 times the background extinction rate

Question 4

—areas that are
highly endangered centers of biodiversity—are much higher than the global average.

Answer 4

Biodiversity hotspots

Question 5

Reasons of Possibly Higher Extinction Rate

Answer 5

1. harmful environmental impacts of the rapidly growing human population
2. biodiversity hotspots—areas that are
   highly endangered centers of biodiversity
3. We are eliminating, degrading, fragmenting, and simplifying many biologically diverse
   environments cause speciation crisis

Question 6

Organizations

Answer 6

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Question 7

No reasonable doubt that the last
individual has died

Answer 7

Extinct (EX)

Question 8

Known only to survive in
captivity, cultivation or well outside its natural range

Answer 8

Extinct in the Wild (EW)

Question 9

Facing an extremely
high risk of extinction in the wild

Answer 9

Critically Endangered (CR)

Question 10

Facing a very high risk of
extinction in the wild

Answer 10

Endangered (EN)

Question 11

Facing a high risk of extinction in
the wild

Answer 11

Vulnerable (VU)

Question 12

Close to qualifying, or likely
to qualify for a threatened category in the near
future

Answer 12

Near Threatened (NT)

Question 13

Population is stable enough
that it is unlikely to face extinction in the near future

Answer 13

Least Concern (LC)

Question 14

Not enough information on
abundance or distribution to estimate its risk of
extinction

Answer 14

Data Deficient (DD)

Question 15

HIPPCO

Answer 15

H - Habitat destruction, degradation, and
fragmentation
I - Invasive (nonnative) species
P - Population growth and increasing use
of resources
P - Pollution
C - Climate change
O - Overexploitation

Question 16

Occurs when a large, intact
area of habitat such as a forest or natural grassland
is divided, typically by roads, logging operations, crop
fields, and urban development, into smaller, isolated
patches or habitat islands.

Answer 16

Habitat fragmentation

Question 17

This is the greatest threat to wild species.
Specifically, deforestation in tropical areas, followed
by the destruction and degradation of coastal
wetlands and coral reefs, the plowing of grasslands
for planting of crops and the pollution of streams,
lakes, and oceans.

Answer 17

H - Habitat Destruction, Degradation, and Fragmentation

Question 18

The next biggest cause of animal and plant extinctions and loss of the ecosystem services they
provide is the deliberate or accidental introduction of harmful species into ecosystems.

Answer 18

I – Invasive Species

Question 19

Advantages of Invasive Species

Answer 19

Nonnative species may increase the food supply of an area. Some deliberately
introduced species have also helped to control pests

Question 20

Disadvantages of Invasive Species

Answer 20

The problem is that, in their new habitats,
some introduced species do not face natural predators,
competitors, parasites, viruses, bacteria, or fungi that had
Helped to control their numbers in their original habitats.

Question 21

The best way to reduce threats from
invasive species

Answer 21

Prevention

Question 22

Have greatly expanded the human ecological footprint. People have eliminated, degraded, and
fragmented vast areas of wildlife habitat as they have spread out all over the planet, using
resources at increasing rates wherever they go, and this has caused the extinction of many
species.

Answer 22

P – Population Growth

Question 23

Also threatens some species with extinction, due to the unintended effects of
pesticides and other pollutants.

Answer 23

Pollution

Question 24

Could help to drive a quarter to half of all land animals and plants to
extinction by the end of this century. For example, scientific studies indicate that the polar bear
is threatened because of higher temperatures and melting sea ice in its polar habitat.

Answer 24

Climate change

Question 25

Some protected species are illegally
killed

Answer 25

Poached

Question 26

This illegal trade in wildlife, all live animals smuggled around the world die in transit.

Answer 26

O – Overexploitation

Question 27

Why Sustain Wild Species?

Answer 27

1. Ecosystem services.
2. Economic services.
3. Speciation.
4. Intrinsic and Existence value.

Question 28

How can we Sustaine Wild Species and Their Ecosystem Services

Answer 28

1. International Treaties and National Laws
2. Wildlife Refuges and Other Protected Areas
3. Seed Banks, Botanical Gardens, and Wildlife Farms
4. Zoos and Aquariums

Question 29

184 countries, bans the hunting, capturing, and selling of threatened or endangered species.
has helped to reduce the international trade of
many threatened animals

Answer 29

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)

Question 30

196 countries
including the Philippines, legally commits participating governments to reducing the global rate of biodiversity loss and to equitably sharing the benefits from use of the world’s genetic resources. This includes efforts to prevent or control the spread of ecologically harmful invasive species.

Answer 30

Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

Question 31

This act was conceptualized and implemented in 2001 to be the policy of the State to conserve the country’s wildlife resources and their habitats for
sustainability

Answer 31

Republic Act No. 9147. Wildlife
Resources and Conservation Act

Question 32

This law is enforceable to all kinds of wildlife species found in the Philippines which include the
protected areas, and critical habitats. This will also apply to exotic species which are subject to trade, are cultured, maintained and/or bred in captivity or
propagated in the country.

Answer 32

Republic Act No. 7586, otherwise known as the National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act