Peds Exam 3

Question 1

etiology of childhood cancer

Answer 1

risk factors of birth weight, advanced parental age, congenital anomalies, genetic predisposition, and or high dose radiation or prior chemotherapy.

Question 2

diagnostics of childhood cancer

Answer 2

labs: CBC, chemistry, liver function, coagulation studies, urinalysis.
(for anemia, leukemia, low platelets, lymphoma, testing organ function, electrolyte balances, elevated substances in the chemistry can indicate cancer or metastasis, looking for liver cancer/damage or metastasis to liver, abnormal blood clotting, hematuria or proteinuria can be a sign)
diagnostic procedures: lumbar puncture (CSF for cancer cells), bone marrow biopsy (hematologic cancers)

Diagnostic imaging: XR, CT, MRI, PET (“image gently” refers to minimizing radiation exposure to children during imaging)

Pathologic and Molecular Evaluation: biopsy of solid tumors, bone marrow biopsy, molecular testing, all will guide treatment and allow for “targeted therapy.”

Question 3

chemotherapy

Answer 3

primary or adjunct to surgery, radiation (curative or palliative, shrinks size of tumor), or HSCT. Venous port access. Affects bone marrow, hair, skin, epithelial cells of the GI tract.

Question 4

biologic therapy

Answer 4

stimulate the immune system, targets cancer cells directly and or interfere with tumor growth and progression.

Question 5

tumor lysis syndrome

Answer 5

pediatric oncologic emergency.
rapid release of intracellular contents during lysis of malignant cells; occurs in ALL or Burkitt lymphoma; hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hyperkalemia.

(the breakdown of malignant DNA and RNA has a lot of uric acid, the high phosphate binds to calcium and takes it away, and malignant cells in general have a lot of potassium)

Question 6

hyperleukocytosis

Answer 6

WBC count greater than 100,000 can lead to capillary obstruction, microinfarction, and organ dysfunction, respiratory distress, and cyanosis; neuro changes.

Just some REALLY THICK blood

Question 7

Superior Vena Cava Syndrome

Answer 7

caused by lesions in the chest (Hodgkin, NHL–caused by lymph node enlargement) or thrombotic complications of implantable IV device, leads to airway compromise, respiratory failure, cyanosis.

Question 8

Spinal cord compression

Answer 8

primary or metastatic tumors, back pain is common initial symptom: sensation change, extremity weakness, loss of bowel/bladder function.