Acute Exam 2 Flashcards
preload
filling, the amount of blood returning to the heart from the lungs, the stretch of the muscle from the amount of blood.
afterload
the pressure of the resistance that the ventricles must overcome to push the blood out to the body.
order of the opening/closing of the AV and semilunar valves.
AV values close first, then the SL valves open, (isovolumetric contraction and ventricle ejection) then the SL valves close, and the AV valves open.
what damage can stress hormones inflict on the cardiovascular system?
they damage the heart and arteries.
psychological factors can increase the risk of what?
blood clots, arrythmias, and cardiac events (stroke and heart attack)
functional ability as a psychological factor increasing CVD risk.
the ability of a person to perform daily activities and tasks. CVD can put you at risk for disability and disruption of the functional capacity.
palpate venous pulses, which would be where?
At the carotid artery where they are checking for jugular venous distention.
troponin
indicates damage to the heart (Serum cardiac enzymes)
myoglobin is the _____ indicator of ______ problems
earliest, heart
Posteroanterior and lateral chest XR in the cardiac assessment.
Gives information about the size, shape, and position of the heart and its chambers, as well as the major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary artery, and veins.
can also find:
-cardiomegaly
-pericardial effusion
-pulmonary edema
-congenital heart defects.
angiography
A test that uses x-rays and dye to see the blood vessels, especially the arteries, and diagnose or treat vascular problems.
Can be used to look at coronary arteries.
cardiac catheterization
measures heart function using a catheter inserted into a vein or artery and guided into the heart. Can assess cardiac output, birth defects, biopsy tumors the affect the heart.
Also used for coronary angiography.
electrocardiography
records electrical activity of the heart.
- useful for diagnosing arrhythmias, ischemia, and other heart conditions.
Electrophysiologic Study (EPS)
evaluates abnormal heart rhythms.
Involves catheters placed inside the heart to stimulate and record electrical signals.
Exercise Electrocardiography (Stress Test)
Monitors heart during exercise.
Helps detect coronary artery disease and assess exercise tolerance.
Echocardiography
Uses ultrasound to create images of the heart.
Can assess heart function, valve abnormalities, and structural defect.
CT and MRI
imagine techniques that provide detailed views of the heart and blood vessels.
Useful for evaluating anatomy, blood flow, and tissue characteristics.
what are the two types of echocardiograms?
Transthoracic and Transesophageal
Gerontological considerations include:
*loss of cell function in the c______n system.
*heart increases
*_____ -_____ hypertrophy
*________ cardiac output
*valves _______
*T___ng and C____n of the heart valves.
Plus: due to changes, elderly have a hard time compensating from _______ metabolic demands such as stressors. This can cause _____ and f____e
conduction system, cardiomyopathy, left-sided hypertrophy, decreased cardiac output, valves stiffen, thickening and calcification, increased, SOB and fatigue.
coronary artery disease affects which lining of the heart?
endothelium
Which weird source is a causation for atherosclerosis?
menopause, because as estrogen falls then fat is allowed to build up.
Put these in order for the steps of atherosclerosis development:
a) fibrous plaque
b) fatty streak
c) injury to endothelial lining
d) complicated lesion
c, b, a, d
What happens when a complicated lesion breaks away?
possible hemorrhage
Fibrous plaque is made up of what?
scar tissue
S/s of atherosclerosis include:
Angina
Pressure
Squeezing
Burning
Dyspnea
Edema
Creatine Kinase and CK-MB
CK is an enzyme found in heart muscle cells. CK is elevated in heart damage incidents like a heart attack. CK-MB only happens AFTER a heart attack.
Troponin
a protein released during myocardial injury.
The most sensitive and specific marker for heart damage.
Elevated levels indicate acute coronary syndrome or myocardial ischemia.
which is the most sensitive and specific marker for heart damage?
troponin
How often is troponin evaluated?
q4h
Myoglobin
another protein released during heart muscle injury.
It’s less specific than troponin but can be useful in early detection.
Which protein marker is helpful for early detection of heart muscle injury?
myoglobin
Brain (B-type) Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)
BNP is produced by the heart in response to stress.
Elevated BNP levels may indicate heart failure.
BNP means stress and ______
heart failure
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
CRP is an inflammatory marker.
High CRP levels may indicate inflammation related to heart disease.
Heart disease can cause high inflammation and this can be detected with what?
CRP marker
12 lead ECG
shows ischemia and arrhythmias
continuous monitoring
hardwire and telemetry methods allow real-time monitoring of cardiac activity.
ALSO useful for detecting arrythmias and changes in heart function.
Signal-averaged ECG
enhances detection of subtle arrhythmias
continuous ambulatory monitoring
involves portable devices for extended monitoring outside the hospital. Useful for assessing arrhythmias during daily activities.
Angiography stenosis or obstruction
visualizes blood vessels, including coronary arteries. Helps identify stenosis (narrowing) or obstruction.
pharmacologic stress testing
when a person cannot exercise enough, or safely so vasodilators, positive inotropes, and beta blockers are used to mimic the heart’s response to physical stress.
