Acute Exam 2

Question 1

preload

Answer 1

filling, the amount of blood returning to the heart from the lungs, the stretch of the muscle from the amount of blood.

Question 2

afterload

Answer 2

the pressure of the resistance that the ventricles must overcome to push the blood out to the body.

Question 3

order of the opening/closing of the AV and semilunar valves.

Answer 3

AV values close first, then the SL valves open, (isovolumetric contraction and ventricle ejection) then the SL valves close, and the AV valves open.

Question 4

what damage can stress hormones inflict on the cardiovascular system?

Answer 4

they damage the heart and arteries.

Question 5

psychological factors can increase the risk of what?

Answer 5

blood clots, arrythmias, and cardiac events (stroke and heart attack)

Question 6

functional ability as a psychological factor increasing CVD risk.

Answer 6

the ability of a person to perform daily activities and tasks. CVD can put you at risk for disability and disruption of the functional capacity.

Question 7

palpate venous pulses, which would be where?

Answer 7

At the carotid artery where they are checking for jugular venous distention.

Question 8

troponin

Answer 8

indicates damage to the heart (Serum cardiac enzymes)

Question 9

myoglobin is the _____ indicator of ______ problems

Answer 9

earliest, heart

Question 10

Posteroanterior and lateral chest XR in the cardiac assessment.

Answer 10

Gives information about the size, shape, and position of the heart and its chambers, as well as the major blood vessels such as the aorta, pulmonary artery, and veins.
can also find:
-cardiomegaly
-pericardial effusion
-pulmonary edema
-congenital heart defects.

Question 11

angiography

Answer 11

A test that uses x-rays and dye to see the blood vessels, especially the arteries, and diagnose or treat vascular problems.
Can be used to look at coronary arteries.

Question 12

cardiac catheterization

Answer 12

measures heart function using a catheter inserted into a vein or artery and guided into the heart. Can assess cardiac output, birth defects, biopsy tumors the affect the heart.
Also used for coronary angiography.

Question 13

electrocardiography

Answer 13

records electrical activity of the heart.
- useful for diagnosing arrhythmias, ischemia, and other heart conditions.

Question 14

Electrophysiologic Study (EPS)

Answer 14

evaluates abnormal heart rhythms.
Involves catheters placed inside the heart to stimulate and record electrical signals.

Question 15

Exercise Electrocardiography (Stress Test)

Answer 15

Monitors heart during exercise.
Helps detect coronary artery disease and assess exercise tolerance.

Question 16

Echocardiography

Answer 16

Uses ultrasound to create images of the heart.
Can assess heart function, valve abnormalities, and structural defect.

Question 17

CT and MRI

Answer 17

imagine techniques that provide detailed views of the heart and blood vessels.
Useful for evaluating anatomy, blood flow, and tissue characteristics.

Question 18

what are the two types of echocardiograms?

Answer 18

Transthoracic and Transesophageal

Question 19

Gerontological considerations include:
*loss of cell function in the c______n system.
*heart increases
*_____ -_____ hypertrophy
*________ cardiac output
*valves _______
*T___ng and C____n of the heart valves.

Plus: due to changes, elderly have a hard time compensating from _______ metabolic demands such as stressors. This can cause _____ and f____e

Answer 19

conduction system, cardiomyopathy, left-sided hypertrophy, decreased cardiac output, valves stiffen, thickening and calcification, increased, SOB and fatigue.

Question 20

coronary artery disease affects which lining of the heart?

Answer 20

endothelium

Question 21

Which weird source is a causation for atherosclerosis?

Answer 21

menopause, because as estrogen falls then fat is allowed to build up.

Question 22

Put these in order for the steps of atherosclerosis development:

a) fibrous plaque
b) fatty streak
c) injury to endothelial lining
d) complicated lesion

Answer 22

c, b, a, d

Question 23

What happens when a complicated lesion breaks away?

Answer 23

possible hemorrhage

Question 24

Fibrous plaque is made up of what?

Answer 24

scar tissue

Question 25

S/s of atherosclerosis include:

Answer 25

Angina
Pressure
Squeezing
Burning
Dyspnea
Edema

Question 26

Creatine Kinase and CK-MB

Answer 26

CK is an enzyme found in heart muscle cells. CK is elevated in heart damage incidents like a heart attack. CK-MB only happens AFTER a heart attack.

Question 27

Troponin

Answer 27

a protein released during myocardial injury.
The most sensitive and specific marker for heart damage.
Elevated levels indicate acute coronary syndrome or myocardial ischemia.

Question 28

which is the most sensitive and specific marker for heart damage?

Answer 28

troponin

Question 29

How often is troponin evaluated?

Answer 29

q4h

Question 30

Myoglobin

Answer 30

another protein released during heart muscle injury.
It’s less specific than troponin but can be useful in early detection.

Question 31

Which protein marker is helpful for early detection of heart muscle injury?

Answer 31

myoglobin

Question 32

Brain (B-type) Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

Answer 32

BNP is produced by the heart in response to stress.
Elevated BNP levels may indicate heart failure.

Question 33

BNP means stress and ______

Answer 33

heart failure

Question 34

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

Answer 34

CRP is an inflammatory marker.
High CRP levels may indicate inflammation related to heart disease.

Question 35

Heart disease can cause high inflammation and this can be detected with what?

Answer 35

CRP marker

Question 36

12 lead ECG

Answer 36

shows ischemia and arrhythmias

Question 37

continuous monitoring

Answer 37

hardwire and telemetry methods allow real-time monitoring of cardiac activity.
ALSO useful for detecting arrythmias and changes in heart function.

Question 38

Signal-averaged ECG

Answer 38

enhances detection of subtle arrhythmias

Question 39

continuous ambulatory monitoring

Answer 39

involves portable devices for extended monitoring outside the hospital. Useful for assessing arrhythmias during daily activities.

Question 40

Angiography stenosis or obstruction

Answer 40

visualizes blood vessels, including coronary arteries. Helps identify stenosis (narrowing) or obstruction.

Question 41

pharmacologic stress testing

Answer 41

when a person cannot exercise enough, or safely so vasodilators, positive inotropes, and beta blockers are used to mimic the heart’s response to physical stress.