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PEDs development Flashcards

1
Q

Based on an infants visual development, how far away should you hold a high contrast toy from their face?

A

10 inches

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2
Q

What is the onset and integration age for the rooting reflex?

A

birth (28 weeks) to 3 months

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3
Q

What is the onset and integration age for the suck-swallow reflex?

A

birth (28 weeks) to 2-5 months

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4
Q

What is the onset and integration age for the traction reflex?
(complete flexion of upper extremity e.g. when pulling forearms to sit)

A

birth (28 weeks) to 2-5 months

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5
Q

What is the onset and integration age for the moro reflex?

A

birth (28 weeks) to 2-5 months

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6
Q

What is the onset and integration age for the plantar grasp reflex?

A

birth (28 weeks) to 9 months

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7
Q

What is the onset and integration age for the galant reflex?

A

birth (32 weeks) to 2 months

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8
Q

What is the onset and integration age for ATNR ?

A

birth to 4-6 months

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9
Q

What is the onset and integration age for palmar grasp reflex?

A

birth to 4-6 months

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10
Q

What is the onset and integration age for tonic labyrinthine reflex?

A

birth to 6 months

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11
Q

What is the onset and integration age for the landau reflex?

A

3-4 months to 12-24 months

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12
Q

What is the onset and integration age for STNR?

A

4-6 months to 8-12 months

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13
Q

What is the onset and integration age for NOB righting?

A

4-6 months to 5 years

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14
Q

What is the onset and integration age for BOB righting?

A

4-6 months to 5 years

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15
Q

What is the age of onset for labyrinthine (head) righting?

A

begins birth to 2 months

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16
Q

What is the age of onset for protective extension downward (downward parachute)?

A

begins at 4 months

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17
Q

What is the age of onset for protective extension forward (forward parachute)?

A

begins at 6-9 months

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18
Q

What is the age of onset for protective extension sideward (sideward parachute)?

A

begins at 7 months

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19
Q

What is the age of onset for protective extension backward (backward parachute)?

A

begins at 9-10 months

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20
Q

What is the age of onset for prone tilting?

A

begins at 5 months

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21
Q

What is the age of onset for supine tilting?

A

begins at 7-8 months

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22
Q

What is the age of onset for sitting tilting?

A

begins at 7-8 months

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23
Q

What is the age of onset for quadruped tilting?

A

begins at 9-12 months

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24
Q

What is the age of onset for standing tilting?

A

begins at 12-21 months

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25
Q

When does a child begin to cross midline?

A

begins at 9-12 months

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26
Q

When is dominant handedness expected to be stable?

A

~5 years old however preferences can be observed sooner

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27
Q

When does bilateral integration begin?

A

begins at 9-12 months

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28
Q

At what age will a child visually attend to an object but make no attempt to grasp it?

A

3 months

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29
Q

At what age would you expect raking and contacting an object?

A

6 months

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30
Q

At what age does a child demonstrate an inferior scissors grasp (raking object into palm adducted with fingers and thump flexed, or 2 partially extended fingers)?

A

7 months

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31
Q

At what age does a child typically demonstrate a scissors grasp?

A

8 months

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32
Q

At what age does a child demonstrate an inferior pincer grasp?

A

9 months

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33
Q

At what age does a child typically demonstrate a pincer grasp?

A

10 months

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34
Q

At what age does a child typically demonstrate a fine pincer grasp?

A

12 months

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35
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to bear weight on forearms

A

0-2 months

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36
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to shift weight on forearms and reach forward?

A

5-6 months

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37
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to have airplane posturing (chest and thighs lift off surface)?

A

5-8 months

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38
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to get from prone to sitting?

A

6-11 months (usually between 7-8 months)

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39
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to hold head in midline?

A

3-4 months

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40
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to no longer have head lag when pulling to sit?

A

4-5 months

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41
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to lift head independently?

A

5-6 months

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42
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to reach for a toy with one or both hands?

A

5-6 months

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43
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to roll from supine to sidelying?

A

3-4 months

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44
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to roll from supine to prone and prone to supine?

A

5-6 months

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45
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to roll segmentally?

A

6-14 months

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46
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to begin to crawl on belly (commando crawl)?

A

7 months

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47
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to reciprocal creep?

A

7-10 months

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48
Q

When is it developmentally appropriate for a child to creep well?

A

11-12 months

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49
Q

At what age will a child be able to sit alone momentarily and use arms to prop while sitting?

A

5-6 months

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50
Q

At what age can a child be expected to play with toys while in a sitting position?

A

5-10 months

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51
Q

At what age will a child be able to rotate upper body while lower body remains stationary (e.g. twisting to reach for toy)

A

7-8 months

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52
Q

When can a typically developing child sit alone (without support)?

A

8-10 months

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53
Q

At 9-18 months, how might you expect a child to rise from supine?

A

by first rolling to stomach then pushing up into 4 point position

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54
Q

At what age are trunk control and equilibrium responses fully developed in sitting position?

A

11-12 months

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55
Q

At what age will a child achieve sitting position from supine by first rolling to side then pushing up?

A

11-24 months

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56
Q

At what age can you expect a child to begin bouncing weight on legs in standing (while supported)?

A

5-6 months

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57
Q

At what age can a child stand while holding onto furniture?

A

5-10 months

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58
Q

When will a child pull to standing position at furniture?

A

6-12 months

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59
Q

At what age will a child pull to stand using only legs (no longer needs arms)?

A

9-13 months

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60
Q

At what age does a child cruise sideways?

A

8 months

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61
Q

At what age can a typically developing child walk with two hands held?

A

8-18 months

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62
Q

When can a child start and stop in walking?

A

15 months

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63
Q

At what age can a typically developing child cruise around on furniture, turning slightly in desired direction?

A

9-10 months

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64
Q

At what age does a typically developing child take few independent steps but still falls easily?

A

9-17 months

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65
Q

At what age can a typically developing child walk with only one hand held?

66
Q

At what age can a typically developing child walk well with seldom falls?

67
Q

What is the expect grasping skill at 0-1 months?

A

No release; grasp reflex is strong

68
Q

At what age will a child involuntarily release?

A

1-4 months

69
Q

At what age will you observe mutual fingering in midline?

70
Q

At what age will a child transfer objects from hand to hand?

A

4-8 months

71
Q

At what age will a child complete a two step transfer (taking hand grasps before releasing hand lets go)

A

5-6 months

72
Q

At what age will a child complete a one stage transfer (taking hand and releasing hand perform action simultaneously)?

A

6-7 months

73
Q

At what age will a child demonstrate volitional release?

A

7-9 months

74
Q

At what age will you observe release of an object above a surface with wrist flexion?

75
Q

Is wrist flexion or extension expected in a matured grasp/release skill?

A

Wrist extension will develop once grasp and release skills have matured to precise and controlled release

76
Q

At what age can you expect a child to release into a container with wrist straight?

A

9-10 months

77
Q

At what age does a child press down on a surface to help facilitate release of an object?

A

7-10 months

78
Q

At what age would you expect to see a clumsy release into a container and/or hand resting on edge of container to release?

A

10-14 months

79
Q

At what age can you expect a precise and controlled release into a small container?

A

12-15 months

80
Q

At what age will you see an emerging palmar grasp, often times as an ulnar palmar grasp?

A

4-5 months

81
Q

At what age is a palmar grasp developmentally appropriate?

82
Q

At what age will you expect to a child to use a radial palmar grasp?

83
Q

At what age would a child demonstrate a radial palmar grasp with a straight wrist?

84
Q

At what age is a radial-digital grasp developmentally appropriate?

85
Q

At what age is a radial-digital grasp with wrist extended developmentally appropriate?

86
Q

At what age do hand manipulation skills emerge?

A

18-24 months

87
Q

At what age will a child use both hands for various functions?

A

12-18 months

88
Q

At what age will a child use two different hands for two different functions?

A

emerges at 2.5 years old

89
Q

What age is a child able to demonstrate finger to palm translation (e.g picking up coins)?

A

12-15 months

90
Q

What age is a child able to demonstrate palm to finger translation (e.g. placing coins in a slot)?

A

2 to 2.5 years old

91
Q

Describe the manipulation skill “shift”

A

linear movement of an object on the finger surfaces to allow for repositioning of object relative to finger pads.

examples:
- separating two pieces of paper (3-5 years)
- rolling a piece of clay into a ball (3-6 years)
- shifting on a writing utensil (5-6 years)

92
Q

At what age can a child complete simple rotation (e.g. unscrewing a small bottle cap)?

A

2-2.5 years

93
Q

At what age can a child complete complex rotation?

94
Q

What is the difference between simple rotation and complex rotation?

A
  • simple rotation is 90 degrees or less

- complex rotation is 360 degrees

95
Q

At what age will a typically developing child be able to demonstrate in-hand manipulation with stabilization (e.g holding items on the ulnar side of hand while picking up more objects with thumb and forefinger) ?

96
Q

Describe the pre-writing skills/grasp pattern used from 1-3 years of age.

A
  • Palmar-supinate grasp: 1 to 1.5 years old

- Digital-pronate grasp: 2-3 years old

97
Q

Describe the pre-writing skills/grasp pattern used from 3-6 years of age

A
  • Static tripod: 3.5 to 4 years old

- Dynamic tripod 4.5 to 6 years old

98
Q

Describe scissor skills of a 2-3 year old

A
  • shows an interest in scissors
  • holds and snips with scissors
  • opens and closes scissors in a controlled fashion
99
Q

Describe the scissor skills of a 3-4 year old

A
  • able to manipulate scissors in a forward motion
  • coordinates the lateral direction of the scissors
  • cuts a straight, forward line
  • cuts simple geometric shapes
  • cuts circles (3.5-4.5 years old)
100
Q

At what age can a child cut simple figure shapes?

101
Q

At what age can a child cut complex figure shapes?

102
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 1?

A

Basic Trust versus Mistrust
(birth to 18 months)
survival needs will be met, hope is integrated

103
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 2?

A

Autonomy versus Doubt
( 2-4 years)
child realizes they can control bodily functions, self controlled will is integrated into personality

104
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 3?

A

Initiative versus Guilt
(preschool age)
child gains social skills and gender role identity, sense of purpose is integrated into personality

105
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 4?

A

Industry versus Inferiority
(elementary school age)
child gains sense of security through peers and mastery over age appropriate activities, feelings of competency are integrated into personality

106
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 5?

A

Self-identity versus Role Confusion
(adolescence)
teens make choices about adult roles and with the resolution of this crisis comes a sense of fidelity or membership with society.

107
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 6?

A

Intimacy and Solidarity versus Isolation
(young adulthood)
establishes and intimate relationship with a partner and family, capacity to love is achieved

108
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 7?

A

Generativity versus Self-absorption
(middle adulthood)
finds security in the contribution of their chosen personal/professional roles, capacity to care is achieved

109
Q

According to Erikson, what occurs at stage 8?

A

Integrity versus Despair
(maturity, older adulthood)
reflects on own value and shares with the younger generation the knowledge gained, wisdom is acquired.

110
Q

What is included in the most important level according to Maslow?

A

Basic survival needs: Food, water, rest, warmth, etc.

111
Q

Place the following in order of importance according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
Self esteem, self actualization, safety, love and belonging, physiological

A

starting with most important:

Physiological, safety, love and belonging, self esteem, self actualization

112
Q

Describe the stages of the sensorimotor period (birth to 2 years) according to Piaget.

A

1- reflexive stage (1 months)
2- primary circular reactions (2-4 months)
3- secondary circular reactions (5-8 months)
4- coordination of secondary schemata (9-12 months)
5- tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months)
6- inventions through mental combinations (18-24 months)

113
Q

Describe the progression of pre-conceptual to intuitive thought during the pre-operational phase according to Piaget.

A

vocabulary expands in pre-conceptual (2-4 yrs) and child progresses to intuitive thought phase (4-7 years). Child will shift from dependence on perception and egocentric orientation to logical thought for problem solving. Child will enjoy symbolic and verbal play.

114
Q

At what age is a child in concrete operational thinking according to Piaget?

A

7-11 years old

child will enjoy games with rules which helps adjust to social demands

115
Q

At what age is an individual in formal operations per Piaget?

A

11 years old through adolescence

able to use hypothetical thinking, can analyze and plan

116
Q

What are the 4 categories of play? What ages are they appropriate for?

A
  • Exploratory play (0-2 years)
  • Symbolic play (2-4 years)
  • Creative play (4-7 years)
  • Games (7-12 years)
117
Q

Describe progression of play partners/situations from 0- 12 years

A

0-2 mostly with caregivers
2-4 mostly parallel play
4-7 participates in cooperative peer groups
7-12 cooperative peer groups with a growing interest in competition

118
Q

At what age will a child develop object permanence?

A

6-9 months

119
Q

When does a child begin to use trial and error to problem solve?

A

12-15 months

120
Q

At what age can a child match objects by shape?

A

21-24 months

121
Q

At what age can we expect a typically developing child to build a tower with 9 cubes, organize objects by size, and build a structure by mental image?

A

36-48 months (3-4 years)

122
Q

At what age is munching present in a typically developing child?

A

4-5 months

123
Q

At what age is diagonal jaw movement present in a typically developing child?

A

7-8 months

124
Q

At what age would you expect to see lateral tongue movements during feeding?

125
Q

At what age is rotary chewing developed?

126
Q

At what age can a child self feed soft table foods (e.g. macaroni, peas, dry cereal)?

A

9-13 months

127
Q

At what age will a child be able to bring spoon to mouth but spills food from inverting spoon?

A

12-14 months

128
Q

At what age will a child demonstrate interest in using a fork, may just stab at food, has mastered the spoon?

A

24-30 months

129
Q

At what age is a child able to scoop and bring spoon contents to mouth?

A

15-18 months

130
Q

At what age can a child pull off shoes and remove socks?

131
Q

At what age will a child remove shoes with laces untied and find armholes in pullover shirt?

132
Q

At what age will a child pull-down pants with elastic waist and unbutton large buttons?

133
Q

At what age will a child independently pull down pants, sip and unzip jacket once on track, and button large front buttons?

134
Q

At what age will a child be able to unzip jacket and separate zipper, snap or hook front fastener?

135
Q

At what age will a child be able to remove pullover garment independently, buckle shoes or belt, and zip jacket zipper?

136
Q

At what age can a child dress independently ?

137
Q

At what age can a child close a back zipper and tie bows?

138
Q

At what age will a typically developing child begin to indicate discomfort when wet or soiled?

139
Q

At what age will a child be able to go to bathroom independently but may need assistance with wiping or difficult clothing?

140
Q

At what age will a child be independent in toileting?

141
Q

At what age can a child help to dry dishes, wipe up spills, carry things without dropping, and dust?

142
Q

At what age can you expect a child to help with sorting laundry?

143
Q

At what age can you expect a child to make a sandwich, take out the trash, make a bed?

144
Q

Identify 2 developmental assessments for neonates?

A
  • Assessment of Preterm Infants’ Behavior (APIB)

- Neurological Assessment of Preterm and Full term Newborn Infants (NAPFI)

145
Q

Name at least 4 assessments used for overall development (Peds)

A
  • Denver Developmental Screening tests
  • Bayley Scales of Infant Development 3rd edition (BSID-III)
  • FirstSTEP Screening Test for Evaluating Preschoolers
  • Hawaii Early Learning Profile (HELP)
  • Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP)
  • Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI)
146
Q

Name 4 peds motor assessments

A
  • Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)
  • Erhardt Developmental Prehension Assessment (EDPA)
  • Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2)
  • Toddler and Infant Motor Evaluation (TIME)
147
Q

Identify at least 4 Visual Motor and Visual Perception peds assesments

A
  • Beery-Buktenical Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI)
  • Developmental Test of Visual Perception (DTVP-2)
  • Erhardt Developmental Vision Assessment (EDVA)
  • Preschool Visual Motor Integration Assessment (PVMIA)
  • Motor-Free Visual Perception Test (MVPT-4)
  • Motor-Free Visual Perception Test, Vertical (MVPT-V)
  • Test of Visual-Motor Skills (TVMS)
  • Test of Visual Perceptual Skills (TVPS4)
148
Q

What is the purpose and population for the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)?

A
  • Determines the severity of Autism and distinguishes children with autism from children with developmental delays who do not have autism.
  • for children >2 years old
149
Q

What is sensory modulation?

A

regulation of responses in relation to external stimuli.

Often described as underreactivity or overreactivity to stimuli

150
Q

What is sensory discrimination?

A

Ability to make sense of or interpret tactile input

151
Q

What compensation method can be used for children with tactile discrimination and perception issues?

A

using visual guidance to compensate for motor skills

152
Q

What compensation method can be used for children with proprioception problems?

A

Cognitive strategies can be used to help them compensate

153
Q

What are the 3 components for praxis?

A

ideation, planning, and execution

154
Q

When should you use a neurodevelopmental approach for handwriting interventions?

A

Child has:

  • poor postural control
  • poor automatic reactions
  • limited limb control
  • tone issues
  • poor proximal stability
155
Q

Describe the acquisitional approach when used for handwriting interventions

A

Handwriting is taught directly in brief daily lessons individualized to the child. Uses 3 phases:

  • Cognitive phase (begins to understand and develops cognitive strategy)
  • Associative phase (continues to practice and self monitor, uses proprioceptive and visual cues)
  • Autonomous phase (mostly independent in self monitoring)
156
Q

Describe use of a sensorimotor approach for handwriting interventions

A

multisensory input is used to enhance performance

-e.g. writing tools, writing surfaces, positions, etc.

157
Q

What is addressed when using a biomechanical approach for handwriting interventions?

A
  • Sitting posture with feet on ground
  • Paper position- parallel to forearm
  • Pencil grip and writing tool to support functional grip
  • Paper modifications
158
Q

At what age can a child copy a triangle, print their own name, and copy most letters?

A

5-6 years old

159
Q

At what age can a child imitate horizontal, vertical, and circular marks?

160
Q

At what age can a child copy a vertical line, horizontal line, and a circle?

161
Q

At what age can a child copy a cross, square, diagonal lines, and some letters and numbers?

NBCOT (11 decks)

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