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Nursing Across the Lifespan 1 (Exam 1 Prep) > Peds Cardiac Panopto > Flashcards

Peds Cardiac Panopto Flashcards

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1
Q

Is Heart Disease Congenital or Acquired?

A

Both

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2
Q

What does it mean if a disease is Congenital?

A

You can be born with it

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3
Q

When does screening for Cardiovascular Alterations start?

A

During Pregnancy

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4
Q

What can be used to screen for Cardiovascular alterations in a baby?

A

Ultrasounds + Fetal Echocardiograms + Physical Examinations

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5
Q

Can Cardiac Alterations be diagnosed without standard screenings?

A

Yes

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6
Q

What can Congenital Heart Disease impact for kids?

A

Milestone Achievement + Psychosocial Development

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7
Q

What holds a kid with heart disease back in terms of psychosocial development?

A

They can’t play sports

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8
Q

Being held back in terms of psychosocial development can result in an increased need for-

A

Specialized Services (Learning Assistance + Physical Therapy + Occupational Therapy)

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9
Q

What is an Acquired Disorder?

A

A disorder that is developed over the course of time

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10
Q

What are some acquired heart disorders in kids?

A

Hypertension + Dyslipidemia

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11
Q

What is Dyslipidemia?

A

High Cholesterol

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12
Q

A kid with an Acquired Heart Disorder needs to change their diet, how can you get them to buy into changing it for the better?

A

Not by getting rid of all of the unhealthy stuff completely, but by limiting it.
Encourage Fiber Intake.
Work with the kid.

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13
Q

An imbalance of the HDL and LDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides, etc. =

A

Dyslipidemia

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14
Q

This occurs at the same that Atherosclerosis occurs =

A

Dyslipidemia

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15
Q

What are the different types of Dyslipidemia?

A

Primary Dyslipidemia + Secondary Dyslipidemia

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16
Q

What is the difference between Primary Dyslipidemia and Secondary Dyslipidemia?

A

Primary can’t be controlled, it’s genetic (Congenital).
Secondary can be controlled, it’s Acquired.

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17
Q

Are food diaries be beneficial for kids with Primary Dyslipidemia?

A

Yes

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18
Q

What % of people aged 16 to 19 have Dyslipidemia?

A

20%

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19
Q

What are the signs of Dyslipidemia in kids? How’s it diagnosed?

A

Often Asymptomatic, diagnosed via Lab Values

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20
Q

What lab value can diagnose Dyslipidemia?

A

A Lipid Panel

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21
Q

What lab values make up a Lipid Panel?

A

Total Cholesterol Level / HDL Level / LDL Level / Triglyceride Level

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22
Q

When do kids need to begin getting a universal screening?

A

9 Years Old

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23
Q

What are some pharmacological treatments for Dyslipidemia?

A

Statins + Cholesterol Meds

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24
Q

Early diagnosis of Dyslipidemia is critical in order to prevent-

A

Further progression

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25
Q

Dyslipidemia can increase the risk of what mental or social issues?

A

Bullying, Depression, Suicidal Ideation, etc.

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26
Q

When should cholesterol screenings begin?

A

Age 9

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27
Q

Should a kid with Dyslipidemia also get cardiac screenings?

A

Yes

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28
Q

How active should a kid be everyday?

A

They should be active or play for 1 hour a day

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29
Q

What should a teenage girl be promoted whenever they use Statins or Cholesterol Medication?

A

The use of Contraceptives + Communication with providers for breast feeding and pregnancy (Also in case they need to change meds after pregnancy)

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30
Q

What are some good diets for kids with Dyslipidemia?

A

Mediterranean Diet (Lots of fruits & vegetables + Lean Meats)

CHILD Diet

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31
Q

Tobacco is the number one risk factor for almost anything that’s-

A

Cardiovascular Related

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32
Q

Kids with Dyslipidemia should avoid foods like-

A

Red Meat + Baked Goods + Fried Foods + Butter + Full Fat Dairy
(Because they’ve got a lot of Cholesterol)

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33
Q

How often should a lipid panel be given for a kid with Dyslipidemia?

A

Every 3 months

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34
Q

Is a Ventricular Septal Defect going to be Acquired or Congenital?

A

Congenital

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35
Q

What is a Ventricular Septal Defect?

A

It’s when there is an opening in the Ventricular Septum, causing the oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood to mix

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36
Q

What is the severity of Ventricular Septal Defect based on?

A

The size of the opening between the Ventricles

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37
Q

What are the different types of Ventricular Septal Deficit (VSD)?

A

Small VSD
Moderate VSD
Large VSD

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38
Q

What is a VSD the result of?

A

Genetic and Environmental Factors

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39
Q

What are the risk factors for Ventricular Septum Defect?

A

Any Other Genetic Anomalies, Premature Birth, Family History

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40
Q

Is VSD common or uncommon?

A

Common

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41
Q

What are the symptoms of a Large VSD?

A

Tachypnea, Failure to Thrive, Fatigue, Heart Murmur, Heart Failure

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42
Q

What is the primary diagnostic tool for a VSD?

A

An Echocardiogram

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43
Q

Aside from an Echocardiogram, what other tools can be used to diagnose a VSD?

A

A CT Scan, Chest X-Ray, MRI, Cardiac Catheterization

EKG (For further evaluation)

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44
Q

What are the treatments for a Small VSD?

A

Monitor the pt, a Small VSD will sometimes close on it’s own

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45
Q

What are the treatment options for a Moderate to Large VSD?

A

Pharmacologic Management + Potential Surgical Repair (For severe or persistent cases they use a patch to surgically close the hole)

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46
Q

What is an Atrial Septum Defect?

A

It’s the same thing as a Ventricular Septal Defect, but instead of a hole forming on the Ventricular Septum, it’s on the Atrial Septum

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47
Q

What is the cause of an Atrial Septal Defect?

A

Unknown, but it’s linked with whether or not the pregnant mother catches Rubella + If the child has Down Syndrome or Horner’s Syndrome

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48
Q

What are the Maternal risk factors of an ASD?

A

Lupus, Advanced Age, Rubella, Diabetes, Substance Abuse during Pregnancy

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49
Q

This is diagnosed in about 1.6 in 1,000 live births =

A

ASD

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50
Q

ASD makes up what percentage of Congenital Heart Defects?

A

15%

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51
Q

How are the Atrial Septum Defects classified?

A

Small + Large

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52
Q

What kind of symptoms does a Small ASD have in a baby?

A

Often Asymptomatic until Adulthood

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53
Q

What are the symptoms of a Large ASD in a baby?

A

Babies will have a Failure To Thrive + Edema + Arrhythmia + Pulmonary Hypertension + Recurrent Infections

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54
Q

Which Cardiac Landmark can be used to detect a Large ASD during Auscultation? What would it sound like?

A

You can hear a soft Systolic Murmur in the Pulmonic Area

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55
Q

What is primarily used to diagnose an ASD?

A

A Transthoracic Echocardiogram

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56
Q

Aside from a Transthoracic Echocardiogram, what else can be used to diagnose an ASD?

A

Chest X-Ray + MRI + CT Scan + EKG

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57
Q

After a pt has been diagnosed with an ASD, what can be used to further assess the issue?

A

A Cardiac Catheter

58
Q

How often should a kid with an ASD be having check-ups with a Pediatric Cardiologist?

A

Throughout their entire childhood

59
Q

When is Surgical Closure recommended for pt’s with ASD?

A

If there’s any Pulmonary Hypertension or Right-Sided Heart Enlargement

60
Q

When can the Spontaneous Closure of an ASD occur?

A

On it’s own around 2 Years Old, still needs to be checked up on regularly though to ensure that’s the case

61
Q

What is a Tetralogy of Flow?

A

A Congenital Heart condition that is made up of 4 Heart Defects

62
Q

What are the 4 Heart Defects that make up a Tetralogy of the Heart?

A

Pulmonary Stenosis + VSD + Right Ventricular Hypertrophy + an Overriding Aorta

63
Q

What is Pulmonary Stenosis?

A

Narrowed Pulmonary Arteries (Gives the lungs less blood flow)

64
Q

What does it mean to have an Overriding Aorta?

A

It means that the Aorta is receiving blood from both Ventricles

65
Q

Is there any concrete causes with how a Tetrallogy of the Heart occurs?

A

No

66
Q

There are associations between a Tetralogy of the Heart and what other diseases?

A

Chromosomal Abnormalities + Maternal Health Conditions

67
Q

Risk factors of a Tetralogy of the Heart =

A

While Pregnant:
Viral Illnesses + Advanced Age + Substance Abuse + Poor Nutrition + Environmental Exposures (Pollution, Pesticides, Toxic Metals, Solvents)

68
Q

Is a Tetralogy of the Heart a very common Cyanotic Heart Defect?

A

Yes

69
Q

If a baby has a Tetralogy of the Heart, their skin can be-

A

Blue

70
Q

There’s approximately how many births annually that have a Tetralogy of Flow?

A

1,660

71
Q

What are the symptoms of a Tetralogy of the Heart?

A

Vary from Asymptomatic to Severe Cyanosis and Heart Murmur

72
Q

When can a Tetralogy of the Heart be diagnosed?

A

It can have a Pre-Natal (Before Birth) diagnosis

73
Q

What can be used to diagnose a Tetralogy of the Heart before the baby is born?

A

Ultrasound + Fetal Echocardiogram

74
Q

What can be used to diagnose a Tetralogy of the Heart after the baby is born?

A

Chest X-Ray + ECG + Echocardiogram

75
Q

What’re some treatments that can be used for a baby with a Tetralogy of the Heart?

A

They can be put in a Knee-To-Chest Position in a calm and quiet environment

Supplemental Oxygen + Pharmacological Interventions (If Needed)

76
Q

When will a surgical repair typically be given to babies with a Tetralogy if the Heart?

A

Between 2-6 months old (Depends on Severity)

77
Q

At what age are you staring to become at risk for depression, anxiety, and mental health disorders if you have a Congenital Heart Defect?

A

6 Years Old

78
Q

There is little risk of Neurodevelopmental or Neurocognitive Delays is kids with a Congenital Heart Defect.
True or false?

A

False (Social + Educational Supports will be needed)

79
Q

Congenital Heart Defects can be financially draining on the parents, why?

A

Because it’s likely going to be a life-long problem the kid will have to deal with

80
Q

What does a Childlife Specialist do in a hospital setting?

A

They will provide a child with things that they can do while in the hospital to let them feel more normal (Whether it be special experiences, etc.)

81
Q

Really important things to teach a family with a kid who has a Congenital Heart Defect would include:

A

How to do Daily Weights, Dietary Guidelines, Fluid Intake Monitoring, Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Preventions

82
Q

How can a Tetralogy of the Heart impact a pregnancy?

A

Depends on if it’s a Repaired Tetralogy of the Flow or Unrepaired Tetralogy of Flow

83
Q

Increased effort during breast feeding can be an indicator of a-

A

Congenital Heart Defect

84
Q

What can a Reduced Cardiac Output cause?

A

Reduced Baroreceptor Stimulation + Reduced Renal Perfusion

85
Q

What does a Reduced Baroreception Stimulation cause?

A

Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System

86
Q

What does an Activated Sympathetic Nervous System do to your cardiovascular system?

A

Vasoconstriction + Increased Cardiac Contractility + Increased HR

87
Q

What does Vasoconstriction, Increased Cardiac Contractility, and an Increased HR all lead to?

A

Myocardial Toxicity

88
Q

What does Myocardial Toxicity lead to?

A

Myocardial Dysfunction

89
Q

What does a Reduced Renal Perfusion result in?

A

Activation of the Renal Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS System)

90
Q

What does Activation of the RAAS System lead to?

A

Vasoconstriction + Sodium & Water Retention

91
Q

What does Vasoconstriction + Sodium & Water Retention lead to?

A

Myocardial Apoptosis / Fibrosis

92
Q

What does Myocardial Toxicity and Myocardial Apoptosis/Fibrosis lead to?

A

Myocardial Dysfunction

93
Q

What does Myocardial Dysfunction cause?

A

Reduced Cardiac Output

94
Q

Can heart failure be a secondary condition due to other cardiac conditions such as Cardiomyopathy?

A

Yes

95
Q

What is it called when a mother is exposed to something that puts the baby at risk of getting a Congenital Heart Defect?

A

Tetragenic Exposure

96
Q

What are the symptoms of Heart Faliure dependent on?

A

Age and Underlying Diagnosis

97
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Heart Failure in Infants?

A

Tachypnea + Diaphoresis During Feeding + Irritability + Poor Weight Gain

98
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Heart Failure in kids under 5?

A

Abdominal Pain + Decreased Appetite + Fatigue + Cough + Poor Weight Gain

99
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Heart Failure in kids over 5? (Adolescence)

A

Poor Appetite + Angina + Palpitations + Exercise Intolerance + Edema + Breathing Difficulties + Abdominal Pain + Syncope + Sinus Tachycardia

100
Q

An Adolescent with Heart Failure has Sinus Tachycardia on their EKG, why are they experiencing this?

A

It’s Compensatory

101
Q

What lab testing should you do for a pt with Heart Failure?

A

A BNP (The Main Heart Failure Marker) + Troponin (Cardiac marker that go’s up during a MI).

CBC (Complete Blood Count) + Iron + Electrolytes

LFT (Liver Function Test)

Creatinine & BUN (Kidney Functioning)

102
Q

Aside from Lab Testing, what other things can be done to detect Heart Failure?

A

Chest X-Ray + EKG + Echocardiogram

103
Q

What is the treatment of Heart Failure tailored to?

A

The severity of the cause and severity of the heart failure

104
Q

Why would a pt with Heart Failure want to take Diuretics?

A

For the Edema

105
Q

What meds would be for Chronic Heart Failure?

A

Digoxin + ACE Inhibitors + Beta Blockers + Surgical Interventions (Heart Transplant, Pacemaker)

106
Q

Delayed Motor Skills are possible result of Heart Failure.
True or False?

A

True

107
Q

How often should a pt with Heart Failure exercise?

A

For 60 minutes as tolerated a day

108
Q

What is Dependant Edema? Is it a sign of Heart Failure?

A

Yes, it’s like if you let your arms hang down and your hands swell

109
Q

What is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

A

It’s whenever the left side of the heart is underdeveloped

110
Q

What are the indications of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

A

Mild Cyanosis + Heart Failure + Lethargy + Cold Hands & Feet

111
Q

When is Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome completed?

A

It’s done in 3 Stages soon after Birth

112
Q

What are the 3 different procedures/stages that make up the surgery done for Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome?

A

Norwood Procedure
Glenn Procedure
Fontan Procedure

113
Q

What are the different Classifications of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive

114
Q

Most common classification of Cardiomyopathy =

A

Dilated

115
Q

What is Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy like?

A

Autosomal genetic increase in heart muscle mass that leads to Abnormal Diastolic Functioning

116
Q

What is Restrictive Cardiomyopathy like?

A

Rare; Prevents filling of the ventricles and causes a decrease in Diastolic Volume

117
Q

Risk factors of Cardiomyopathy?

A

Genetic + Infection + Electrolyte Deficiencies + Metabolic Conditions + Collagen Diseases + Drug Toxicity + Dysrhythmias

118
Q

Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy =

A

Tachycardia + Dysthymia + Dyspnea + Hepatosplenomegaly + Fatigue / Poor Growth + Angina + Syncope + Poor Feeding in Infants

119
Q

What is Dysthemia?

A

Mild, Long-Lasting Depression

120
Q

What is a Hepatosplonomegaly?

A

Enlarged Spleen and Liver

121
Q

What are some complications that can possibly occur with Cardiomyopathy?

A

Infection + Blood Clot

122
Q

Is a Cradiac Cath invasive?

A

Yes

123
Q

How can you enter a Cardiac Cath into the body?

A

The Groin or Wrist
(The wrist is preferable)

124
Q

What can you call the dye that is inserted into the heart via a Cardiac Cath?

A

A Contrast Medium

125
Q

A Diaper Rash can necessitate cancelling a procedure because of Infection Risk if-

A

Femoral Access or Groin Access is Required

126
Q

A pt is about to have a Cardiac Cath inserted, what allergies should they be checked for?

A

Iodine and Shellfish

127
Q

Why can a pt not have a Cardiac Cath if they are allergic to Shellfish?

A

Because Media Contrast is a Shellfish-Based Product

128
Q

Should you ever lie to a kid pt about their Developmental Level?

A

Nah

129
Q

Before a Cardiac Cath is inserted, how long should the pt be NPO before the operation?

A

4-6 Hours

130
Q

Before a baby has a cardiac catheterization, can they at least have food via a at-home feeding tube?

A

No

131
Q

Why is it important to document the Dorsalis Pedis and Pedal Pulse before a Cardiac Cath?

A

So that if an occlusion or blood clot occurs after the cardiac catheterization is over, it can be spotted quickly

132
Q

Aside from pulse monitoring, what things need to be monitored post-operatively after a Cardiac Cath?

A

Provide Continuous Cardiac Monitoring & O2 Sat Monitoring

133
Q

What things need to be assessed post-operatively after a Cardiac Cath?

A

Bradycardia, Hypotension, Dysrhythmias, Hypoxia

134
Q

Should you have to count a pt’s HR for 30 seconds or one full minute post-operatively?

A

1 full minute

135
Q

After a kid has a cardiac catheterization, how long should they maintain their affected extremity in a straight position for? Why?

A

4-8 Hrs, to prevent bleeding

136
Q

A kid has a Heart Catheterization, how should you start off their intake?

A

Have them consume clear foods and drinks first and move up from there, babies should drink water before drinking milk again

137
Q

Can bathing a baby drop their 02 sat?

A

Yes

138
Q

Crying should be kept to a minimum in Cyanotic Children. Why?

A

To avoid making it worse

139
Q

What position can you put a cardiac pt in to decrease workflow to the heart?

A

Put them in a seat or hold them in a 45 degree angle

Keep them in a Semi-Fowler’s or Fowler’s position while awake

140
Q

If an infant is unable to feed, what is it called whenever you give their food to them directly into their stomach by using a syringe on their stomach tube?

A

Gavage Feeding

141
Q

Is it possible to need a higher density formula of milk for pediatric babies?

A

Yes

142
Q

For a Pediatric Client, how often should their O2 Sat be monitored?

A

Every 2 Hours

Nursing Across the Lifespan 1 (Exam 1 Prep) (8 decks)

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