Peds Flashcards
Rooting reflex
Age appears?
Age disappears?
How to elicit?
Response?
Birth
3-4mo
Head midline, stroke perioral area
Infant opens mouth and turns head to stimulated side
Suck-swallow reflex
Age appears?
Age disappears?
How to elicit?
Response?
Birth
3-4mo
Place nipple or finger 3 to 4 cm into mouth
Suck should be strong: push finger up and back; note rate
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex (ATNR)
Age appears?
Disappears?
How to elicit?
Response?
Birth
4-6mo
With baby supine, turn head to one side; hold 15 sec
Arm and leg extend on facial side; arm and leg flex on skull side
Palmar Grasp
Birth
3-6 mo
Press finger into infants palm and press against palm
Infant flexes all fingers around examiner’s finger (grabs finger)
Galant reflex (trunk incurvation)
Birth
2mo
Suspend baby prone; stroke 2 to 3 cm from spine with fingernail (the paraspinals)
Baby flexes towards stimulus/side being stroked
Stepping reflex
Birth
6-8 weeks
Infant is held as though weight bearing with feet on surface
Infant steps along, raising one foot at a time (step-like movements)
Moro reflex
Birth
4mo
Present loud noise or allow infant’s head to drop slightly
Arms spread and fingers extend and then flex; then arms come toward each other; cry is possible
Crossed extension reflex
0-4 mo
No info on age disappears?
Passively extend one leg and press knee to table; prick sole of that foot with pin
Pricked foot leg curls up and other leg should slightly extend and adduct
Plantar Grasp
Birth
8-10 mo
Place finger firmly against base of toes
Toes should curl down
Landau reflex
3 mo
15 mo-2yr
Suspend infant prone by supporting abdomen
Infant should lift both head and legs
(“Superman”)
Neck righting reflex
6mo
2yr
With infant supine, turn head to one side
Infant’s trunk rotates in direction of head
Parachute reflex
6-8 mo
Never disappears
Suspend infant prone and lower quickly toward table
Infant should extend arms, hands, and fingers
Apgar scoring system
What do the letters stand for?
Tests for what and when is it done?
A-Activity (muscle tone)
P-Pulse (heart rate)
G-Grimace (reflex irritability)
A-Appearance (skin color)
R-Respiration (breathing effort)
*Performed at 1 and 5 minutes after birth
1 min- how well baby tolerated birthing process
5 min- how well baby is doing outside mother’s womb
Apgar scoring: how are points given for each category?
0, 1, or 2 points
Activity- Absent (0), Flexed arms and legs(1), Active (2)
Pulse- Absent, Below 100bpm, Over 100bpm
Grimace- Floppy, Minimal response to stimulation, Prompt response to stimulation
Appearance- Blue;pale, Pink body;blue extremities, Pink
Respiration- Absent, Slow and regular, Vigorous cry
Trunk righting reaction
Baby supine, flex and rotate leg
Baby’s trunk and head follow in one movement
Protective extension
Extremity movements in response to rapid displacement of body
(Ex. Arms reach behind if pushed backward)
Most advanced of postural reactions:
_____ reactions
Equilibrium reactions
*head/trunk righting, weight shifting, leg extension
Head righting reaction
Tilt or rotate body in relationship to gravity- baby will right their head position
Motor milestones
Head control: No head lag by __ months
Segmental rolling: __-__ months
Sitting: __-__ months
Crawling/creeping: __-__ months
Cruising: __-__ months
Walking: __-__ months
4 6-8 6-8 8-9 10-11 12-18
5 characteristics of lifespan concept:
Lifelong-development is not completed at a specific age but occurs from birth to death
Multidimensional- Interaction of biological, cognitive, and socioemotional changes influences in individual’s development. These changes can be gains or losses throughout life.
Plasticity-There are many possible developmental outcomes, no single course of development
Embedded in History- The broader environmental, social, and cultural context of the person/generation impacts development (mind, body, and social)
Multicausal or multidisciplinary- Recognition that not a single theory or discipline can fully explain human development
Developmental time periods:
Infancy: Birth- __ y.o.
Childhood: __-__ years (females), __-__ years (males)
Adolescence: __-__ years (females), __-__ years (males)
Early Adulthood: 18/__-__ years
Middle Adulthood: 47-__/__ years
Older Adult: __/__ years-death
Birth-2
2-10, 2-12
10-18, 10-20
18/20-40 years
47-65/70 years
65/70 years-death
Motor development is “________”
Sequential
Developmental sequence:
Head control, rolling, sitting creeping, walking
Concepts of motor development:
Cephalic to Caudal- ___ control before ___ control
Proximal to Distal- Stable ___ to allow for limb movement; proximal stability before distal skill
*there are more concepts than just these
Head control before trunk control
Stable trunk
Forms of child abuse:
Physical
Emotional
Sexual
Child Neglect
S&S of child abuse:
The child:
-Shows sudden changes in behavior or school performance
- Has not received help for physical or medical problems brought to parent’s attention
- Lacks adult supervision
- Is overly compliant, passive, or withdrawn
S&S of Physical Abuse:
Unexplained burns, bites, bruises, black eyes, broken bones
Child seems frightened of parents
Withdraws as parent approaches
Def: An injury of the head caused by excessive shaking of infants. Their brain, surrounding blood vessels and nerves are said to be injured due to the rotational force.
Shaken Baby Syndrome
Reporting Child Abuse, call
1-800-4-A-CHILD (1-800-422-4453)
Childhelp national child abuse hotline
Def: how we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, tongue, and voice box
Articulation
Receptive or expressive language?
Understanding what others say, following directions, making relationships between words, thoughts, ideas
Receptive language
Receptive or expressive language?
Vocabulary, sentence length, grammar, nonverbal language, feelings, word usage (pronouns, past tense verbs)
Expressive language
Which comes first receptive or expressive language?
Receptive
What is physiological flexion?
From being in fetal position with limited space in the womb, infants have a flexed spine and flexed extremities.
Tummy time:
Why is it important?
When should you start?
- Important for development of head control.
- Neck and spinal extension develop allowing infant to lift and turn head.
- Prepares them for next stage of bringing arms from under body into a position to support themselves on forearms.
- The weight bearing on shoulder girdle from prone on forearms is crucial for late fine motor movements and helps with jaw control
- Helps lead to transitional movements
*Start early (first week or so) and never leave infant unattended
4 stages of motor control:
Mobility
Stability
Controlled mobility
Skill
Describe progression in prone position:
- Prone extension: arms tucked in close to body, develop neck and spine extension
- Prone on elbows: arms come out and are at infant’s side stacked under shoulder. This strengthens shoulder girdle stability.
- Prone on hands: arms move anterior to shoulders increases should stability further and neck/spinal extension
- All fours
Benefits and drawbacks of back to sleep program:
Benefits: Reduces risk of SIDS, good position for free movement
Drawbacks: May slightly delay milestone of head control
What is important about sign language for children?
Helps them to augment language skills providing them with a way to communicate before being able to actually verbalize. Enhances their ability to associate things.
Choking hazards:
What is the daycare rule?
Anything that fits in a toilet paper roll is a choking hazard for 2yo and under
S&S of aspiration:
Watery eyes; sneezing while eating
A lot of coughing while eating/drinking
Tone management:
Hypotonicity vs. Hypertonicity
Hypo: strengthening, big/quick movements
Hyper: slow, rhythmical movements, side lying, quiet space, calm voice
