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Thurman > Pediatrics Part 1 > Flashcards

Pediatrics Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Head size reflects what?

A

growth of brain; correlates with intracranial volume and brain weight

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2
Q

how much does head circumference increase in the first year of life?

A

10cm

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3
Q

when does head circumference reach 50% of the adult?

A

9 months

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4
Q

how much does the head circumference increase in the second year?

A

2.5 cm or 75% of the adult size

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5
Q

does the face and base of skull develop faster or slower than the cranium?

A

slower

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6
Q

3 abnormalities associated with the failure of prenatal development of the mandible?

A

Pierre Robin
Treacher Collins
Goldenhar syndrome

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7
Q

after age 2, cranial vault growth ____ and face grows ____.

A

cranial vault slows and face grows rapidly.

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8
Q

when do frontal sinuses develop?

A

2-6 years

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9
Q

when do maxillary, sphenoidal, and ethmoidal sinuses appear?

A

after age 6 years

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10
Q

when does the first tooth appear?

A

around 6 months

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11
Q

when are all teeth present?

A

around 20 months

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12
Q

when do permenant teeth begin to appear?

A

6 years

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13
Q

HR for premature infant

A

120-170

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14
Q

HR for 0-3 months

A

100-150

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15
Q

HR for 3-6 months

A

90-120

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16
Q

HR for 6-12 months

A

80-120

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17
Q

HR for 1-3 years

A

70-110

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18
Q

HR for 3-6 yers

A

65-110

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19
Q

HR for 6-12 years

A

60-95

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20
Q

HR for >12 years

A

55-85

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21
Q

SBP for premie

A

55-75

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22
Q

SBP for 0-3 mo

A

65-85

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23
Q

SBP for 3-6 mo

A

70-90

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24
Q

SBP for 6-12 mo

A

80-100

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25
Q

SBP 1-3 yrs

A

90-105

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26
Q

SBP 3-6 yrs

A

95-110

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27
Q

SBP 6-12 yrs

A

100-120

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28
Q

SBP >12 years

A

110-135

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29
Q

DBP premie

A

35-45

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30
Q

DBP 0-3 mo

A

45-55

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31
Q

DBP 3-6 mo

A

50-65

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32
Q

DBP 6-12 mo

A

55-65

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33
Q

DBP 1-3 yrs

A

55-70

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34
Q

DBP 3-6 yrs

A

60-75

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35
Q

DBP 6-12 yrs

A

60-75

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36
Q

DBP >12 yrs

A

65-85

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37
Q

Neonate

A

up to 4 weeks old

38
Q

infant

A

4 weeks to 1 year

39
Q

toddler

A

1-3 years

40
Q

preschool

A

4-6 years

41
Q

school age

A

6-13 years

42
Q

adolescent

A

13-18 years

43
Q

NPO for clear liquids

A

2 hours

44
Q

NPO for breast milk

A

4 hrs

45
Q

NPO for infant formula

A

6 hrs

46
Q

NPO for solids (fatty or fried foods)

A

8 hrs

47
Q

is the removal of piercings necessary to minimize complications?

A

yes

48
Q

what are some potential complications of piercings?

A

electrocautery burns, airway difficulty, tissue damage

49
Q

what are the recommendations to avoid electrocautery burns?

A

use bipolar cautery, harmonic knife, grounding pad should be remote from piercing

50
Q

what are airway complications associated with piercings?

A

laryngospasm and hypoxia

pulmonary aspiration

51
Q

tissue damage associated with piercings?

A

necrosis

bleeding

52
Q

what are the primary implications associated with smoking?

A 
increased carboxyhemoglobin levels
decreased ciliary function
decreased FVC
decreased FEF 25-75%
increased sputum production
53
Q

what are the secondary considerations associated with smoking?

A

environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)

more likely to have astham, otitis media, atopid eczema, hay fevre, dental caries

54
Q

factors to consider during preop evaluation

A 
stressful for child and family
family dynamics
developmental and behavioral status
cultural biarses
ability to provide information
55
Q

perioperative anxiety concerns for 0-6 months

A

maximum stress for parent

minimum stress for baby

56
Q

perioperative anxiety concerns for 6mo-4 yrs

A

maximum fear of separation
not able to understand process and explanations
significant post op emotional upset and behavior regression
begins to have magical thinking
cognitive development and increased temper tantrums

57
Q

perioperative anxiety concerns for 4-8yrs

A

begins to understand process and explanations
fear of separation remains
concerned about body integrity

58
Q

perioperative anxiety concerns for 8years-adolescence

A

tolerates separation well
understands process and explanations
may interpret everything literally
may fear waking up during surgery or not waking up at all

59
Q

perioperative anxiety concerns for adolescence

A

independent
issues regarding self-esteem and body image
developing sexual characteristics and fear of loss of dignity
fear of the unknown

60
Q

parental presence during induction

A

some encourage it, some not ok with it, evaluate each situation, parents should remain informed.

61
Q

unrelieved anxiety in child

A

renegotiate (rarely every successful)
hold mask farther from the childs face
IV or IM induction

62
Q

factors to assess for respiratory system

A

cough
asthma
croup
apnea/bradycardia

63
Q

possible anesthetic implications for respiratory system

A 
irritable airway
bronchospasm
atelectasis
subglottic narrowing
postop apnea/bradycardia
medication history?
64
Q

factors to assess for cardiac system

A 
murmur
cyanosis
history of squatting 
hypertension
rheumatic fever
exercise intolerance
65
Q

possible anesthetic implications for cadiac system

A 
septal defect
avoid air bubbles in IV line
R to L shunt
TOF
coarctation
renal disease
VHD
CHF
cyanosis
66
Q

factors to assess for neurologic system

A

seizures
head trauma
swallowing incoordination
neuromuscular disease

67
Q

possible anesthetic implications for neurologic system

A 
medications
metabolic derangement
intracranial hypertension
aspiration
esophageal reflux
hiatal hernia
neuromuscular relaxant drug sensitivity
malignant hyperpyrexia
68
Q

factors to assess for GI/hepatic systems

A 
vomiting
diarrhea
malabsorption
black stools
reflux
jaundice
69
Q

possible anesthetic implications for GI/hepatic system

A 
electrolyte disturbance
dehydration
full stomach
anemia
hypovolemia
possible need for full stomach precautions
drug metabolism/hypoglycemia
70
Q

factors to assess for GU system

A

frequency
time of last urination
frequent UTIs

71
Q

possible anesthetic implications for GU system

A 
UTI
DM
hypercalcemia 
state of hydration
renal function
72
Q

factors to assess for endocrine/metabolic systems

A

abnormal development
hypoglycemia
steroid therapy

73
Q

possible anesthetic implications for endocrine/metabolic systems

A 
endorinopathy
hypothyroid
DM
hypoglycemia
adrenal insuffiency
74
Q

factors to assess for hematologic system

A

anemia
bruising
excessive bleeding
sickle cell

75
Q

possible anesthetic implications for hematologic system

A 
need for transfusion
coagulopathy
thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopathy
hydration
possible transfusion
76
Q

factors to assess for allergies

A

medications

77
Q

possible anesthetic implications for allergies

A

possible drug interactions

78
Q

factors to assess for dental system

A

loose or carious teeth

79
Q

possible anesthetic implications for dental

A

aspiration of loose teeth

bacterial endocarditis prophylaxis

80
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate based on maternal history of Rh-ABO incompatibility

A

hemolytic anemia
hyperbilirubinemia
kernicterus

81
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of toxemia

A

small for gestational age and its associated problems

muscle relaxant interactions with mag therapy

82
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of hypertension

A

small for gestational age and its associated problems

83
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of drug addiction

A

withdraw, small for gestational age

84
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of infection

A

sepsis
thrombocytopenia
viral infection

85
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of hemorrhage

A

anemia

shock

86
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of diabetes

A

hypoglycemia
birth trauma
large for gestational age
small for gestational age

87
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of polyhydramnios

A

tracheoesophageal fistula
anencephaly
multiple anomalies

88
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of oligohydramnois

A

renal hypoplasia

pulmonary hypoplasia

89
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of cephalopelvic disproportion

A

birth trauma
hyperbilirubinemia
fractures

90
Q

commonly expected problems with neonate bsed on maternal history of alcoholism

A

hypoglycemia
congenital malformations
fetal alcohol syndrome
small for gestational age

Thurman (5 decks)

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